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Period: 1095 to 1291
The Crusades
When Were the Crusades? In November 1095, at the Council of Clermont in southern France, the Pope called on Western Christians to take up arms to aid the Byzantines and recapture the Holy Land from Muslim control. This marked the beginning of the Crusades. -
1096
The First Crusade
Different Western European regions formed four armies that were led by Raymond of Saint-Gilles, Godfrey of Bouillon, Hugh of Vermandois and Bohemond of Taranto ( with his nephew Tancred) The groups seperated for Byzantium in August 1096. "In May 1097, the Crusaders and their Byzantine allies attacked Nicea the Seljuk capital in Anatolia. The city surrendered in late June." Lastly Crusaders slaughtered hundreds of men, woman and children to their victorious entrance to Jerusalem. -
1147
The Second Crusade
This Crusade was caused because the Seljuk general Zangi that was governor of Mosul captured Edessa leading to the loss of the nothernmost Crusader state. Which led to another call for another crusade which King Louis VII and King Conrad III began and The Turks annihilated Conrad's force at Dorylaeum. After Louis and Conrad assembled their army at jerusalem they attack Syrian. Last "The combined Muslim forces dealt a humiliating defeat to the Crusaders, decisively ending the Second Crusade." -
1147
The Third Crusade
First Nur al-Din's forces seized Cairo and forced the crusaders army to evacuate. Saladin began a campaign of conquest. Saladin's troops destroyed the Christian army at the battle of Hattin. Emperor Fredrick Barbarossa, King Philip II of France, and King Richard I of England led the third crusader. Richard's force defeated the Saladin's in the battle of Arsuf. Richard reestablished Christian control. Richard and Saladin signed a peace treaty that reestablished the Kingdom of Jerusalem. -
1202
The Fourth Crusade
Pope Innocent III called for another crusade. Power struggles between Europe and Byzantium. So that led to topple the reigning Byzantine emperor. Lastly that led to crusaders declaring war on Costantinople which led to bloody conquest,looting and distruction on magnificent Byzantine Capital. -
1291
The Last Crusade
Though the Church organized minor Crusades with limited goals after 1291—mainly military campaigns aimed at pushing Muslims from conquered territory, or conquering pagan regions—support for such efforts diminished in the 16th century, with the rise of the Reformation and the corresponding decline of papal authority. -
Period: 1346 to 1352
The Black Death
The Black Death was a bubonic plague pandemic occurring in Western Eurasia and North Africa from 1346 to 1353. It is the most fatal pandemic recorded in human history, causing the deaths of 75–200 million people, peaking in Europe from 1347 to 1351. -
1347
The First Caffan Ship
Survivors escape by sea. One ship arrived in Constantinople and gets infected the black death spreads and the Constantinople looses 90% of the population. -
1347
Second Caffan Ship
A ship was sent to Sicily with people barely alive. The Plague killed 50% of the population and moves to Messina to the point that it got to mainland Italy where one-third of the population is dead by the following summer. -
1347
The Third Caffan
Caffa ships docking in Marsseille and the Plague arrives in France which it spreads through the country quickly. -
1348
The Fourth Caffan Ship
The Plague enters Europe through Genoa. The Genoans attack the ship and drive it away but they are still infected. Also the Plague killed 60% of the Venetian population. On June, 1348 the Plague enters through the port of Melcombe Regis. On October, 1348 the Plaue hits London. On April 1349 the Plague hits Wales brought by fleeing people from Southern England and killed 100,000 people -
1349
The Firth Caffan Ship
The Plague gets to Norway when it runs around Bergen. The ship's crew is dead. The pestilence travels to Denmark and Sweden, where the king believes fasting on Friday and foregoing shoes on Sunday will please God and end the Plague. On 1351 The Plague has officially spreading killing around 25 to 50 million people. -
1353
Black Death Considered Behind Them
The Black Death is behind but the people now are facing a change in society. It becomes easier on the economic way because its fewer people meaning better wages and the average standard of living. -
1400
The Rise of Rome and the de Medici Family
The beginning of the 15th saw Leonardo Bruni offer his Panegyric to the city of Florence, describing a city where freedom of speech, self - government, and equality reigned. In 1401 Lorenzo Ghiberti was awarded a commission to create bronze doors for baptistry of San Giovanni in Florence. Architect Filippo Brunelleschi and sculptor Donatello traveled to Rome to analyze the ruins there. -
Period: 1400 to 1495
The Early Renaissance
The Early Renaissance is a time period where it was the start of a cultural rebirth in Italy. It was a time in the history of most of Europe when the visual arts radically evolved from two - dimensions to three - dimensions, quite literally and figuratively. -
Period: 1400 to
Age of Exploration
The Age of Exploration (also called the Age of Discovery) began in the 1400s and continued through the 1600s. It was a period of time when the European nations began exploring the world. They discovered new routes to India, much of the Far East, and the Americas. -
1420
1420
During the 1420s the Papacy of the Catholic Church united and returned to Rome. To being the vast art and achritectural spending there. In 1423, Francesco Foscari became Doge in Venice, where he would commission art for the city. Cosimo de Medici inherited the Medici bank in 1429 and began his rise great power. -
1440
1440
In 1440, Lorenzo Valla used textual criticism to expose the Donation of Constantine, a document which had given huge swaths of land to the Catholic church in Rome, as a forgery, one of the classic moments in European intellectual history. In 1446, Bruneschelli died, and in 1450, Francesco Sforza became the fourth Duke Milan and founded the powerful Sforza dynasty. Leon Battista Alberti's essay on perspective called "On Painting" (1435), and his essay "On the Family" in 1444. -
1471
1451 to 1475 Leonardo da Vinci and the Gutenberg Bible
In 1453 the Ottoman Empire conquered Constantinople, compelling many Greek thinkers and their works to move westward. That same year, the Hundred Years war ended, bringing stability to nothernwestern Europe. Arguably one of the key events in the Renaissance. In 1454 Johannes Gutenberg published Gutenberg Bible. Lorenzo de Medici "The Magnificent" took over power in Florence in 1469. Marsilio Ficino completed his " Platonic Theory" in 1471. -
1476
1476 to 1500: The Age of Exploration
Bartolomeu Dias rounded the Cape of Good Hope in 1488, Columbus reached the Bahamas in 1492. In 1498 Vasco da Gama reached India in 1498. In 1485 Italian master architects traveled to Russia to aid in the rebuilding of the Kremlin in Moscow. " Everything About Arithmetic, Geometry, and Proportion" (1494) which included discussion of then Golden Ratio, and taught da Vinci how to mathematically calculate proportions. -
Period: 1490 to 1527
The Reform
The Reformation occurred during Renaissance times. It was a split in the Catholic Church where a new type of Christianity called Protestantism was born. During the Middle Ages, few people other than monks and priests knew how to read and write. -
Period: 1490 to 1527
High Renaissance
High Renaissance art, which flourished for about 35 years, from the early 1490s to 1527, when Rome was sacked by imperial troops, revolved around three towering figures: Leonardo da Vinci (1452–1519), Michelangelo (1475–1564), and Raphael (1483–1520) -
Period: 1500 to
Scientific Revlution
The Scientific Revolution refers to a period of time roughly from 1500 to 1700 which witnessed fundamental transformations in people's attitudes towards the natural world. -
Period: 1530 to
Late Renaissance
It was marked by the Protestant Reformation, an artistic style known as Mannerism, and the continued development of science and humanism. The Venetian painter Titian was one of the most notable artists from this period. -
1556
1550 and Beyond: The Peace of Augsburg
In 1556 Chares V abdicated the Spanish Throne and Philip II took over. England's Golden Age began when Elizabeth I was crowned queen in 1558. Religious wars continued: The Battle of Lepanto, part of the Ottoman- Habsburg Wars, was fought in 1571. Edmund Spenser published " The Faerie Queen" in 1590, In 1603 William Shakespeare wrote " Hamlet " and Miguel Cervantes' "Don Quixote" was published in1605.