Renaissance and Reformation

Inventions

Period: 1268 to 1300

Eyeglasses are a pocket-sized and less powerful version of the microscope. Eyeglasses were invented between 1268 and 1300. These allow people with vision that isn't good to see normally. They have changed the lives of numerous people since their debut. Other inventions have stemmed off of the eyeglasses, such as telescopes and microscopes. These are also very important in the society that we live in now. Sources: Marshall Ochiltree Invention Project

Patron of the Arts

1397

The Medici family was a wealthy family who controlled Florence, Italy. Giovanni Medici took control of a Roman branch of banking from his cousin. He moved it back to Florence in 1397, which is the founding date for the Medici bank. The money they made off of banking allowed them to commission artists. They single-handedly changed how painter and sculptors were thought of. Sources: http://www.themedicifamily.com/The-Medici-Bank.html
The Humanistic Tradition Book 3.

Daily Life/Culture of the Renaissance

1397

The social classes in Europe had been shaken around in 1397. There were three social classes, the nobility, the townspeople, and the peasants. The nobles held all of the important positions and were advisors to the king. You had to be born a noble. Below nobles were townspeople, they were patricians, burghers, workers, and unemployed. At the bottom were peasants. They were the largest group of people and made up the largest group of the population. Sources: Life During the Renaissance notes

Daily Life/Culture of the Renaissance

1397

A huge part that allowed the Renaissance to start was the abundance of wealth that came from trade. The Italian port cities flourished off of this and it gave the country and cities a crazy amount of wealth. Instead of trading goods for good people started to trade money/coins for goods. This created a money economy which made many bankers and merchants wealthy. These wealthy people could now patronize the arts. Sources: https://theitalianrenaissance-byhelenlo.weebly.com/trade-and-commerce.html

Renaissance art/artists

1434

Jan van Eyck was a Northern Renaissance Artist. In the Northern Renaissance, they were unaware of the Greco-Roman culture of the Italians and this led to them painting less religious paintings and more humanistic or worldly things. His work the Arnolfini Double Portrait, was completed in 1434 and was an oil painting. This didn't contain any religious ideas except for Saint Margaret. Sources: The Humanistic Tradition Book 3

Patron of the Arts

1459

Cosimo Medici commissioned that a group of frescos is painted in his palace. He commissioned Benozzo Gozzoli to paint these paintings, which he completed in 150 days. He started his work in spring or summer of 1459. The Medici family changed how artists were seen. Under the Medici rule, they were seen as leaders and people of importance. Sources: https://www.wga.hu/html_m/g/gozzoli/3magi/index.html
The Humanistic Tradition Book 3

Renaissance art/artists

1487

The Vitruvian Man was painted by Leonardo Da Vinci in 1487. He was part of the High Renaissance however this was painted 13 years before that era started. Leonardo was the first painter in the Renaissance to use math and geometry in his paintings. He believed that proportions governed the Earth, this led to him painting the Virtruvian Man. This painting follows very strict geometry and was the first of its kind because of this. Sources: The Humanistic Tradition Book 3

Renaissance art/artists

1508

Michelangelo was a sculptor who was commissioned to paint the ceiling of the Sistine Chapen. This took four years for him to complete. It spanned 1508-1512. He covered the entire ceiling in frescos which have become famous for being the scale that they are painted and for the beauty of them. He depicted man and God as the same size which was pretty unheard of before this. It was composed of nine main scenes. Sources: The Humanistic Tradition Book 3

Renaissance art/artists

1510

Raphael was another great High Renaissance artist along with Leonardo. However, Raphael was less devoted to science than Leonardo was but he was an astounding painter. His painting The Alba Madonna was completed in 1510. This was originally painted on wood but was later transferred onto canvas. He used simple geometric shapes to organize this painting but he used less math and science compared to the Vitruvian Man. Sources: THe Humanistic Tradition Book 3

Renaissance art/artists

1513

Albrecht Durer was a Northern Renaissance painter who like Jan van Eyck, didn't paint religious paintings. He was unaware of the Greco-Roman culture being revived in Italy. His painting the King, Death, and the Devil was completed in 1513. This painting is known for its extreme detail all the way down to the lizard and dog. The devil is also depicted with great detail, being depicted as the horned demon in the painting. Sources: The Humanistic Tradition Book 3

Literary Works

Period: 1513 to 1518

Baldassare Castiglione wrote a piece called The Book of the Courtier between 1513 and 1518. In this piece he talks in detail about what the coutier or what could be refered to as the Renaissance Man should be. An example is, the man mnust be able to wrestle and have mastery of all weapons on foot and horseback. This helped form the image of a Renaissance Man because what he depicts in the book was a man who could do everything. Sources: The Humanistic Tradition Book 3

Literary Works

1516

Thomas Moore wrote a work called Utopia in 1516. This writing has resembled socialism to almost an exact premise. He says that everyone will work for 8 hours a day. Everyone will only be allowed a certain amount of anything nothing more. There would be no need for money because everything would work on almost a barter system because you can't buy anything. This resembles many socialistic countries that have risen from the Renaissance until now. Sources: The Humanistic Tradition Book 3

The Catholic Church (Pre-Reformation)

1517

The Catholic Church had always been selling indulgences, but there was a special type of indulgence being sold in the Spring of 1517 by John Tetzel. Since no common person could understand the Bible, the Church could translate it loosely and said that it was in the Bible to sell Indulgences as a way of passing into Heaven. This was the Church's main way of making money. This allowed the Church to gain as much money as they wanted. Sources: https://www.britannica.com/biography/Johann-Tetzel

Martin Luther & the Protestant Reformation

1517

Martin Luther wrote numerous works during the Protestant Reformation, one of his most famous being the 95 Theses. This was a list of 95 statements or questions that Martin had about the Church's corruption and if they are truly fulfilling their duties. He nailed this to the door of the Church in Wittenberg, Germany for all to see in 1517. The people didn't like this and started to revolt against the church. Sources: https://www.history.com/topics/reformation/martin-luther-and-the-95-theses

Martin Luther & the Protestant Reformation

May 15, 1521

Martin Luther did not recant any of his works after appearing in front to of the Diet of Worms on April 15, 1521. This was when he was on trial to decide what punishment was to be given to him. If he did recant, he wouldn't have faced any punishment, but since he didn't his Prince kidnapped him and took him into hiding so he wouldn't be punished. This made peasants and because they thought he was dead. Sources: https://www.britannica.com/biography/Martin-Luther#ref59848

Daily Life/Culture of the Renaissance

1524

The Church played a huge role in the Renaissance. This was known as the Roman Catholic church and it ruled over almost all of Europe. The common person couldn't read Latin, which is what the bible is written in. This meant that the Church could control the morals of the people and what they believe from the bible. The Church during the Protestant Revolution, which took place in Germany in 1524. Which was the peasant's uprising against the Church. Sources: The Humanistic Tradition Book 3

The Catholic Church (Pre-Reformation)

1534

One thing that people believed under the Catholic Church before the Reformation, was that the Pope was the closest thing to God a human could get. However, when Martin Luther translated his Bible, people realized that they could be saved through faith and that they can reach God on Earth through faith and his love. They realized the Pope was just a leader. Martin published his translated bible in 1534. Sources: https://www.museeprotestant.org/en/notice/martin-luther-translator-of-the-bible/

The Catholic Church (Pre-Reformation)

1534

A huge idea in the Catholic Church was that only the Pope could decipher what the Bible means. This had been happening for a while for the entire Renaissance leading up to the Protestant Reformation. The only people that could read the Bible were members of the Clergy. The Bible was in Latin so the common person couldn't read it but that changed when the Bible was translated to German in 1534. Sources: http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?historyid=ac66

Martin Luther & the Protestant Reformation

1534

One huge contribution to the Protestant Reformation that Martin Luther made was, translating the New Testament into German. This made it so the common person could read it and think for themselves about what it means. This made it so the Catholic Church had less control over people. Which started the Protestant Reformation. Martin Luther published the New Testament in 1534. Sources: https://www.museeprotestant.org/en/notice/martin-luther-translator-of-the-bible/

Inventions

1595

The Microscope idea had been around for a while before the Renaaissance but it was two borthers Hans and Zacharias Jassen who invented it in 1595. This invention allows us to see tiny objects up close. We now use it mainly for studying bacteria and diseases. This tool is crutial to modern medicine and modern science. We wouldn't have made as many advancements without it, that is for sure. Sources. Josh Hunter Invention Project

Literary Works

1600

Lucretia Marinella wrote a piece called The Nobility and Excellence of Women and the Defects and Vices of Men in 1600. Marinella was the first female writer to produce a piece like this. She talks about how women are equal or greater than men and that men do many awful things to women, especially when they get angry. This piece is important because it paved the way for modern feminism and changed how we perceive women. Sources: The Humanistic Tradition Book 3

Scientific Discoveries

1602

Galileo Galilei discovered that pendulums take time to go back and forth their full length. He made this discovery in 1602. However, that wouldn't have been possible if he hadn't discovered the time it takes a pendulum to travel first. Many inventions sprung from this. This invention then gave us a different type of clock. This was a small yet important discovery. Sources: https://www.space.com/15589-galileo-galilei.html

Inventions

1608

The telescope is an invention that works the exact opposite way as the microscope. A telescope allows us to see really far away clearly. The telescope was invented by Hans Lippershey in 1608. This allowed many astronomers such as Copernicus and Galileo to make all of their important discoveries. This tool is essential to modern-day science. Binoculars have stemmed off of this invention and these are used recreationally every day. Sources: Lexi Walker Invention Project

Scientific Discoveries

1609

Nicolaus Copernicus was an astronomer during the Renaissance. He was the first man to mention the Heliocentric Solar System. Which basically mean that the son was the center of our universe. Many people rejected this idea until many years after his death. This was the first idea that gave a set order of the planets in our Solar System. Nicolaus book was revealed in 1609. He led the way for modern astronomy as we know it. Sources: https://www.britannica.com/biography/Nicolaus-Copernicus#ref8436

Scientific Discoveries

1620

Francis Bacon was one of the main people to contribute to the development of the Scientific Method. The main thing he did was to reinstate what the introduction was and its importance. He was finished in adding onto the scientific method in 1620 and we still use that method to this day. Sources: https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/monarchy-enlightenment/baroque-art1/beginners-guide-baroque1/a/francis-bacon-and-the-scientific-revolution
https://explorable.com/inductive-reasoning