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Frederick William III of Prussia
Frederick William III of Prussia was the king of Prussia during the Napoleonic Wars. He fought the French as well as discussed Europe's future at the Congress of Vienna. In addition to these accomplishments, he also sought to unify Protestant churches in Prussia. -
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Tsar Alexander I
Alexander I was the Emperor of Russia from 1801 to 1825. He ruled during the Napoleonic Wars, with Napoleon's defeat in Russia as Moscow was a victim of the scorched earth. -
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Louis XVIII
A Bourbon monarch who was placed into power following Napoleon. He enacted reforms such as establishing France as a constitutional monarchy and guaranteeing rights for the people. -
Union of Netherlands and Belgium
Created following the Napoleonic Wars, the United Kingdom of the Netherlands was fused territory between Belgium and the Netherlands. It was a constitutional monarchy, ruled by William I of the House of Orange-Nassau. -
Germanic Confederation Established
The Germanic Confederation was established by the Congress of Vienna. Ultimately, it unified thirty nine German-speaking states in Central Europe, with the goal of coordinating the economies of the many states found in Central Europe -
Peterloo Massacre
In St Peter's Field, Mancester, England, the British Cavalry charged into a crowd of 60,000 to 80,000 people who were demanding reform for parliamentary representation. -
Karlsbad Decrees
A set of reactionary restrictions within the states of the Germanic Confederation. The restrictions banned nationalist fraternities, removed liberal professors from universities, and censored the press. This was all in response to the ideas of German unification. -
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Charles X
Following Louis XVIII as French monarch, he resisted the reforms enacted during Louis XVIII's reign, and was eventually driven into exile in 1830. -
Decembrist Revolt
Officers from the Russia Army led roughly 3,000 in a revolt against Tsar Nicholas I's claim to the throne after his older brother Constantine removed himself from the lineage to the throne. Taking place in St. Petersburg, they were called "Decembrists" because it took place during December. -
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Tsar Nicholas I
Before taking up the throne, Nicholas I was the King of Poland and Duke of Finland. As Russian Tsar, he was not the best of rulers, leading Russia further into troubling wars, such as the Crimean War, where they lost. -
July Revolution
A second French Revolution which brought Louis-Philippe to the throne as ruler of France. Charles X wanted to restrict the Charter of 1814, and the people's reaction to such a consideration was revolution. -
Belgian Independence
Belgium split from the United Kingdom of the Netherlands in 1830, declaring its independence and creating a national congress composed of 30,000 men who paid specific taxes or had qualifications. -
Polish Uprising
Rebelling against Russian rule, young Polish Officers began the revolt in Warsaw. Despite the help Lithuania, Belarus, and Ukraine, the Polish were ultimately defeated due to Russia's superior numbers. -
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Louis-Philippe
King of France following the July Revolution which exiled Charles X. During his reign, France was dominated by industrialists and bankers, and he also sought friendship with Great Britain. Ultimately, his reign ended in another French Revolution. -
Suppression of Polish Revolt
The Polish Army consisted of 40,000 troops, fought as hard as it could to stop the Russian advance towards Warsaw. Polish Commanders were hesitant to strike first and Polish politicians could not acquire foreign aid and peasant support quick enough. Thus, the Russian Army swooped in and stopped the revolt. -
Reform Act
A reform to the criticism of the electoral system in Great Britain. For example, there were some areas in which only 2 MPs could be elected to Parliament. After some protests all over England, reforms were made. -
Poor Law
The responsibility of parish, relief, and employment was passed on to the workhouses. This was passed in an effort to reduce the costs of supporting the poor, to get beggars off the streets, and to encourage the poor to work hard for themselves. -
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Frederick William IV of Prussia
Following the reign of Frederick William III of Prussia, Frederick William IV of Prussia was known as the "romanticist on the throne." Most notably, he constructed many buildings in Berlin and Potsdam, and the Gothic Cologne Cathedral. In addition to this, he was offered the title "Emperor of the Germans" but declined the offer. -
Repeal of Corn Laws
The removal of tariffs on imported foods and grains. The Corn Laws were designed to keep grain prices higher, thus benefiting the producers, and supporting mercantilism. The removal of the Corn Laws ultimately moved Great Britain towards a free trade economic environment. -
June Days: workers' revolt in Paris
An uprising created by workers in France during June. 10,000 people were either killed or injured, and 4,000 rebels were deported to Algeria. -
Establishment of Second Republic
France's second republic following the reign of Louis-Philippe. It could not, however, sustain itself any longer after the disaster during the June Days revolt. -
Election of Louis Napoleon as French President
The only president of France's Second Republic, Louis Napoleon was elected through democratic means, winning 74% of the votes. During his term, he seized power over France, similar to Napoleon, and reigned as Emperor of France. -
Revolution in Germany
Revolution in Paris quickly reached Central Europe, and the bourgeois liberals, republicans, and working-men reacted swiftly. The first uprisings began in the state of Baden, and soon after, had spread to other states such as Prussia and Austria. -
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Frankfurt Assembly
The Frankfurt Assembly was the first freely elected parliament for the Germanic Confederation. This was created in part to the revolution which began in Paris and spread to the German States. -
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Abdication of Louis-Philippe; formation of provisional government
The French economy was on the decline towards the end of Louis-Philippe's reign. Because of this, Louis-Philippe abdicated the throne and lived out the rest of his life in Great Britain.
