-
Period: to
Fredrick William III of Prussia
Prussian king who instituted reforms like abolition of serfdom, municipal self govt. through town councils, expansion of schools, universal military conscription, but he did not include creation of legislative assembly or representative govt. -
Period: to
Tsar Alexander I
Tzar of Russia after the defeat of Napoleon's army in 1812, he became one of the most powerful leaders in Europe. He supported the suppression of all revolutionary movements in Russia and Europe -
Period: to
Louis XVII
Restored Bourbon throne after the Revolution. He accepted Napoleon's Civil Code, honored the property rights of those who had purchased confiscated land and establish a bicameral legislature. Was overthrown by Napoleon after he reconquered. -
Germanic Confederation Established
Union of 38 sovereign states of the old Holy Roman Empire, Austria, and Prussia. It needed the consent of all member states to take action, making it virtually powerless. -
Peterloo Massacre
An orderly protest that was savagely broken up by armed cavalry. The reason for protest was for the repeal of the Corn Laws which brought widespread unemployment and postwar economic stress. The protest was held by mostly urban laborers, who were supported by radical intellectuals. -
Carlsbad Degrees
Decrees issued by Metternich that required the thirty-eight German member states to root out liberal ideas in their universities and newspapers. Established a permanent committee with spies and informers to investigate and punish any liberal or radical organization. -
Period: to
Charles X
Succeeded his brother Louis XVIII. His desire to restore France to a Pre-1789 world led to the Revolution of 1830 and the ascent of Louis Philippe. -
Decembrist Revolt
Began because of debate on who the rightful heir was after Alex I died. Revolt in Russia led by middle level army officers who advocated for reforms. The revolt was put down swiftly by Tsar Nicolas I and his supporters and leaders were executed or exiled. -
Period: to
Tsar Nicholas I
Strong harsh ruler that strengthened the secret police and the bureaucracy. He was also wiling to use Russian troops to crush revolutions, because he greatly feared both liberalism and revolts. -
July Revolution
Charles X issued the July Ordinances, a set of edicts that produced an immediate rebellion led by moderate liberals. Charles X fled to Britain and Louis-Philippe took the throne. -
Polish Uprising
Revolt against the Russian Tzar Nicholas I due to the increase in nationalism and liberal ideas. Their revolt was ruthlessly suppressed, and Poland was incorporated into the Russian Empire. -
Belgian independence
Differences in traditions, language, and religion separated the largely Catholic Belgians from the Dutch were had been annexed into the kingdom of the Netherlands. There was a riot by the Belgians and other countries intervened. The Netherlands, Russia, Austria, and Prussia had a conference that guaranteed Belgium independence in exchange for its neutrality in international affairs -
Period: to
Louis Philippe
King of the French the "bourgeois monarch" he replaced his cousin Charles X after July Revolution of 1830. He got his political support from the upper middle class. Liberal reforms were made that benefited the upper bourgeoisie. He becomes the "Citizen King" during the July Revolutions. -
Period: to
King Charles Albert of Piedmont
A strong advocate for Italian freedom, he declared war on Austria, but Austrian power was too great, and Piedmont was defeated. After the loss, he believed he could be of no further help to his country and abdicated in favor of his son Victor Emmanuel II. -
Reform Bill
Act of Parliament that transferred voting privileges from small boroughs controlled by nobility and gentry to large industrial towns controlled by middle class. -
Poor Law
Law that established workhouses where poor people without jobs could stay. Workhouses were organized like prisons, with harsh discipline with hope that they would find jobs so they would not return. Towns enforced laws against begging and force the unemployed into workhouses. They worked simple tasks, and were given clothes, and food. -
Period: to
Emperor Ferdinand I
Extremely ill witted emperor that promised a moderately liberal constitution, but the people were unsatisfied so they pressed the revolution further. He and his imperial court fled to Innsbruck and he approved of the March Laws. -
Period: to
Fredrick William IV of Prussia
Was offered leadership of the German Confederation but declined. The Revolution of 1848 brought some liberal reforms to Prussia. However, the Prussian leadership, which was thoroughly conservative, preferred reform and unification directed from above. -
Repeal of Corn Laws
The law lead to protests and demonstrations by urban laborers, supported by radical intellectuals. Eventually much of the working class allied with the middle class and the Corn laws were repealed. This was the first step towards free trade in England. -
Abdication of Louis Philippe
After corruption in the government created republican and socialist protests, Louis Philippe abdicated the throne. The lower house of the two-chamber French legislature was pressured to proclaim a republic and to name a provisional government to rule temporarily until a Constituent Assembly could be elected to draft a new constitution. -
Establishment of Second Republic
After the 1848 revolution in France, which caused Louis-Philippe to flee, this government system was put in place by revolutionists and guaranteed universal male suffrage. Louis-Napoleon, nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte, was overwhelmingly elected president, and France had a period of stability and prosperity. -
Revolutions in Italy
Began because of ideas of liberalism, nationalism, peasant discontent, and middle class discontent. Wanted more rights and desired the same degree of freedom as surrounding areas had. -
June Days
A revolt by the working class during the month of June as a result of the abolishment of national workshops. This event ended the liberal capitalist and the radical socialists tension ending in victory for liberalism and Capitalism. -
Period: to
Francis Joseph of Austria
Emperor that created the dual monarchy of Austria- Hungary. Disliked change, liberalism and progressiveness and tried to stabilize the government after the revolution of 1848. -
Period: to
Frankfurt Assembly
German national parliament that tried and failed to create a united German state during the 1848 revolutions. The convention was made up by middle class civil servants, lawyers, and intellectuals dedicated to liberal reform. After Fredrick William IV of Prussia denied the power, he doomed hopes for a united, liberal Germany, and the Frankfurt assembly dissolved soon after.
