-
3000 BCE
Edwin Smith Papyrus
-Medical observations of the body
-First documentation of the brain
-The brain controlled the body
-Ancient Egypt -
585 BCE
Natural principles explain phenomena, not God
-Thales
-Critical Tradition, question everything -
571 BCE
Rationalism
-Pythagoras
-Natural phenomena followed patterns/laws -
501 BCE
Emphasis on thinking
-Parmenides
-Introspection
-Understanding is not observing, must think abstractly -
485 BCE
Subjective Nature of Reality
-Sophists/Protagoras
-We all see our world through a unique lens
**gestalt/cognitive psychology -
469 BCE
Introspection
-Socrates
-"know thyself"
**psychodynamic psychology -
460 BCE
Reductionism
-Democritus
-To understand something complex it must be reduced to its smallest elements
**neuroscience -
407 BCE
Must control good/bad forces of personality
-Plato
-"The Golden Chariot"
**ID, ego, super ego -
367 BCE
Empiricism
-Aristotle
-Test theories in controlled settings -
367 BCE
Memory
-Aristotle
-Law of Contiguity- when things occur together we remember them together
**Classical conditioning -
367 BCE
Early Behavioral Psychology
-Aristotle
-It is human nature to seek pleasure and avoid pain -
322 BCE
Positive/Life Psychology
-Ancient Rome
-Focus was regulating behavior for happiness
-Catholic church forbid philosophy & scientific thinking because it was blasphemous and sinful
-Epicurians: interested in living a good and balanced life
-Stoics: Interested in how emotions effect thoughts & actions
-Skeptics- promoted being critical and suspended beliefs of philosophers
-Neo-Platonists: body and soul are 2 different things -
Jan 1, 800
Indo-Arabic Number System
-Al-Kindi
-Much simpler -
Jan 1, 965
Visual System
-Alhazen
-light coming in to the eye caused us to see
-medical and physical observations of the body and mind -
Jan 1, 980
Innate Self Awareness
-Avicenna
-"floating man"
-Innate self consciousness/awareness is separate from sensation and perception -
Jan 1, 1300
Humanistic Psychology
-Renaissance
-Focus on your goals, thoughts feelings, behaviors, abilities
-Individual desires, abilities
-"know thyself"
-Free will, understand why people make choices
-Each individual is unique (anti-scientific dogma) -
Innate Mind/Consciousness
-Descartes
-Naturally full of ideas
-Don't need to rely on senses to think
-Ideas exist prior to any specific sensory experience; therefore, they derive from the thinking soul itself -
Reflexes
-Descartes
-Sensory input -->brain-->motor command -
Mind Body Interactive Dualism
-Descartes
-Mind does not equal the body
-The mind and body interact in the brain, specifically the pineal gland
-Passions control emotions
-Localized physical function to the brain, but believed it was not complex enough/too compartmentalized to contain the mind
**neuropsychology -
Brain Anatomy Atlas
-Willis
-An increase in technology allowed him to conduct careful dissections
-Published in 1664
-recognized white vs. gray matter
-established blood supply to the brain
-cutting off blood flow leads to apoplexy -
Tabula Rosa
-Locke
-Contents of our mind are completely built from sensory experiences
-Mind is a (blank slate) -
Phenomenal World
-Kant
-World of our perceptions is created by our mind
-The mind is using more than raw data from the senses to create perceptions
-Differences in our subjective experiences is due to "an active conscious mind" -
Mesmerism
-Mesmer
-Process of inducing and relieving symptoms through the use of magnets -
Discovery that the brain is an electrically sensitive organ
-Luigi Galvani -
Comparative Neuroanatomy
-Franz Josef Gall
-animals to humans
-damaged to healthy
-children to adults
-Conclusion: higher abilities were the result of large/more developed brains -
Scientists accepted the brain as the center of mental and physical functioning
-Franz Josef Gall-comaprative neuroanatomy -
Physiognomy
-Franz Josef Gall
-Personality traits correlated to physical features -
Phrenology
-Franz Josef Gall
-Bumps & dents in the skull indicated under/over developed areas in the brain, leading to under/over developed abilities
-Rejected by the scientific community -
Suggestion that animals change gradually
-Jean- Baptiste Lamarck
-Bodies change due to use or disuse -
First evidence of the brain as a unified organ
-Flourens
-Ablation studies in animals
-Found that generalized impairments followed the damage
-More damage=more disabled
-First evidence that the brain word together as a whole -
Uniformitarianism
-Lyell
-Earth's major features resulted from gradual processes occurring over a vast amount of time
-Gradual long term changes can result in physical changes
-Contrast to catastrophism- massive and sudden change -
"Just noticeable difference"
-Fechner & Weber
-Thresh hold of energy/intensity at which we detect a difference in our perception -
Law of specific nerve energies
-Bell
-Individual sensory neurons only conveyed information appropriate/relevant to that sensory system -
Mesmerism and Medicine
-Esdaile
-Used the power of suggestion to distract patients from pain
-Mortality rates dropped from 50%-5% -
Perceptual Adaptation
-Helmholtz & duBois
-when a visual field is altered the brain adapts to the new perceptions automatically and unconsciously -
Electrochemical Pattern of neuron communication
-Helmholtz & duBois
-The body transfers energy from the environment into a "message" that causes changes in the brain/body -
Hypnotism
-Term coined by Braid
-Scientifically tested mesmerism-made it scientific
-From the greek word hypnos (sleep) -
First experiments on sensation & perception
-Muller & Helmholtz
-First step to psychology becoming a genuine science
-Systematic studies discovered lawful relationships between newly measurable energy & subjective reactions of the mind/body -
Monogenesis
-Darwin
-All human races shared a common ancestry
-Physical differences resulted from a difference in environment (Darwin)
-Others believed physical differences were a curse
-Extended environmental pressures to creating mental/intellectual changes -
Sexual Selection
-Darwin
-Differences in men & women's traits
-Gradual selection resulted in appearance and propagation of physical traits that relate to reproductive success
-Universally attractive traits- generally reflect overall health & fitness, men-strength/dominance -
Natural Selection
-Darwin
-Built off of ideas of Lamarck
-Physical changes in animals or humans would result if the changes would benefit survival
-changes would be inherited by future generations -
Language was localized to a region in the left frontal lobe
-Jean Baptiste Bouillard & Ernest Aubertin
-Could not speak easily if the area was damaged -
Broca's Area
-Paul Broca
-Case of "Tan"
-Area in the left frontal lobe was responsible for speech production -
Suggestibility
-Liebeault
-Studied the individual differences in response to hypnotism
-Suggestibility=trait of being easily hypnotized -
The Nancy School
-training hypnotherapists
-scientific investigation into hypnotism -
Hysteria
-Charcot
-Condition characterized by a range of physical and mental symptoms with no underlying medical cause
-Women only disease -
Discovery of the primary motor cortex
-Gustav Fritsch & Eduard Hitzig
-Electrical stimulation brain studies
-Stimulation of cortex=body movement -
Discovery of additional cortexes
-David Ferrier
-Awake brain surgery
-Primary somatosensory cortex-feelings/sensations
-Visual cortex-process visual info
-Auditory cortex-process sound info
-Association cortex- area where primary functions overlapped -
Wernicke's Area
-Carl Wernicke
-Speech/language comprehension -
Memories
-Wernicke
-Localized throughout the cortex
-Memories=all of the areas of the cortex where basic functions were integrated
-Basic functions were stored together in areas as memories -
Launch of the child study movement
-Hall
-Mental growth drew on the controversy of physical development
-Mental development of a child recapitulates mental development of the human race -
Foundation of modern psychology
-Wundt
-Established a lab at the University of Leipzig solely for psychology
-Labeled this science and distinguished it from the natural sciences -
Cultural Psychology
-Wundt
-Now known as social psych
-Dealt with how stages of mental development manifest through language, art, myths, social customs, laws, and morals -
Study of conscious experience
-Wundt
-Subject matter of his work: consciousness
*psychology was the study of the conscious mind
Conscious mind=immediate+mediate experiences -
Introspection
-Wundt
-Method of observation used to examine the conscious experience
-Examination of one's mind to inspect and report on personal thoughts and feelings -
Structuralism
-Titchener
-The key to understanding the conscious mind was to understand the individual structures that made it up
-Reducing conscious experience into smaller experiences -
Salpetriere School
-Charcot
-Hypnotizable suggestibility was a symptom of hysteria
-Downfall: Charcot accused of training patients -
Successfully experimented on higher mental processes
-Ebbinghaus
-Proved Wundt wrong -
Functionalism
-William James
-Psychology should focus on the function or purpose of consciousness and how it leads to adaptive behavior
-Belief that scientific psych should be modeled on Darwinian theory -
Subfields in Psychology
-Educational psych, industrial psych
-The focus of psych became solving real world issues, and that's what these subfields aimed to do -
Pragmatism
-Science needed to be practical and useful
-Part of psych in America -
Twin Studies
-Galton
-Used questionnaires to determine the role of genes and environment on human development and behavior -
Eugenics
-Galton
-Science of improving a human population by controlled breeding to increase the occurrence of desirable heritable characteristics -
Intelligence Testing
-Galton
-Intelligence is inherited and biological based
-Human nature and intelligence can be measured scientifically
-Used reaction time tests
-Attempted to apply Darwin's theory of evolution to the study of human abilities
-Intelligence is quantifiable and normally distributed -
Foundation of the American Psychological Association
-G. Stanley Hall -
Psychosexual Stages of Development
-Freud
-Oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital -
Psychoanalysis
-Freud
-Developed by incorporating Bruer's "talking cure", Charcot's views on traumatic hysteria, and his own technique for reconstructing repressed memories though interpretation and free-association -
Oedipus Complex
-Freud
-A desire for involvement with the parent of the opposite sex
-Competes with parent of same sex for affection -
Free Association
-Freud
-Patients are encouraged to say whatever comes to mind during a session
-Believed that this revealed unconscious feelings or thoughts that had been repressed -
Importance of Dreams
-Freud
-"Dreams are the avenue through which traumatic experiences in our past manifest themselves"
-It is possible to figure out which traumatic event is causing the symptoms by analyzing individual components of the dream -
Individual Psychology
-Binet
-The psychological processes which vary from one individual to another
-Projective tests -
Intelligence Testing
-Binet
-Intelligence is a capacity that grows with children's age but varies by the individual
-Intelligence can be improved by training- "Mental Orthopedics"
-Children with special needs should be identified and graded in terms of maximum potential -
Classical Conditioning
-Pavlov
-Learn the meaning of or to respond to a new object by its association with a familiar object -
Gestalt Psychology
-Focuses on the way the mind organizes experiences and perceptions into organized wholes that are more than the sums of their separate parts
-Figure ground illusions
-Impacted neurology (brain injury patients treated holistically)
-Impacted psychotherapy (treat whole patient) -
"Psychology as the Behaviorist Views it"
-Watson
-Defined psychology as an objective science
-rejected introspection
-redefined behavior as the main subject of psychological science
-Goal: predict and control behavior
-recognized no distinction between animals & humans -
Conditioned Emotional Reactions
-Watson applied classical conditioning to human emotional responses
-Fear, rage & love- 3 innate responses
-Believed human emotional experiences were the result of classical conditioning -
Radical Environmentalism
-Watson
-Behavior is a product of the environment we are in
-downplayed the role of genetics
-"Blank Slate"- he claimed he could take any baby and turn them into a thief/lawyer etc. -
Founding of Behaviorism
-Watson
-Study of observable behavior -
"Little Albert" Study
-Watson
-performed to confirm his theory of emotions
-conditioned Albert to fear a white rat
-Loud sound + Rat (UCS)= Fear (UCR)
-Rat (CS)= Fear (CR) -
"Little Peter"
-Watson & Mary Cover Jones
-Counter Conditioning- Classical conditioning to remove fear
-Used gradual exposure and positive stimuli (candy, other kids) to remove his fear of rabbits -
Rorschach Test
-Harrower
-A psychological test in which subjects' perceptions of inkblots are recorded and then analyzed using psychological interpretations and/or complex algorithms
-Can be used to examine a person's personality characteristics and emotional functioning -
Language Learning/ "Universal Grammar"
-Chomsky
-Learning of the rules=language learning
-Believed we had an innate, hard wired mental structure, "Universal Grammar" that predisposed humans to learn language
-Behaviorism/Conditioning could not possibly explain how we learn our languages because language learning is faster and natural -
Equipotentiality
-Lashley
-Any region of the intact brain could adopt the function of a damaged section
-Brain/neural plasticity
-younger=better at relearning -
Redundancy Hypothesis
-Lashley
-Different aspects of a memory are stored in different locations throughout the brain -
Psychotherapy
-Used by clinical psychologists
-The therapeutic treatment of individual mental and emotional problems -
Child Development
-Piaget
-Cannot skip stages
-Sensorimotor Stage:birth-2, all about exploration, egocentric- Main development:object permanence
-Preoperational:2-7, egocentric, lack conservation of quality-Main development prepare to use logic
-Concrete Operational:7-11, understand conservation of quantity, think more logically, less egocentric
-Formal Operational: Adolescence-Adulthood, Abstract concepts, can form hypotheses -
National Mental Health Act of 1946
-Mental health patients became the governments responsibility
-Led to the National Institute of Mental Health and the provision of funding to train more psychotherapists
-Left behind Freudian psychology
-By 1977 clinical psychologists were permitted to practice psychotherapy in all 50 states -
The Boulder Conference
-August 20-September 3, 1949
-The goal of the conference was to agree upon a standard training plan for clinical psychologists
-Led to the formation of the Boulder-Model ("scientist-practioner model") -
Scientist Practitioner Model
-Based on the medical model of the mental disorders and proposed that practitioners in the field of psychology needed to be trained in a manner that blended the researcher with clinician -
Depth Perception
-Gibson
-The brain's ability to build 3D perceptions from 2D images coming from each eye -
Temporal Lobe
-Penfield
-Memory & emotion
-Elicited memories (episodic) and emotional states
-"Interpretive cortex"
-Experiential response
-Interpretive response -
Operant Conditioning
-Skinner
-We learn to respond to and control our environments though the consequences of our behavior
-Operant chamber (skinner boxes) used so researchers could observe changes in behavior -
"The Cognition Project"
-Bruner
-Perceptual set, mental factors demonstrated to influence one's perception
-Prior experience/knowledge
-Context
-Expectations/motivation -
Identified Hippocampus
-Milner
-Temporal lobe and hippocampus necessary for short term memory and storing long term memory -
Human Emotional Expression
-Ekman
-6 universal emotional expressions
-sadness, anger, fear, joy, surprise, disgust
-Supported theory & Darwin's belief that emotional expression is biological and innate -
Harvard Center for Cognitive Studies
-Cofounded- Bruner & Miller
-First of its kind in America -
Differentiated between types of memory
-Milner
-Short term
-Long term
-Episodic
-Semantic
-Procedural -
"Cognitive Psychology"
-Neisser
-Published "Cognitive Psychology", the first textbook published on this subfield
