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Period: 1184 to
The Inquisition Effect: S
The inquisition was a special institute within the catholic church and their goal was to punish heresy throughout Europe and the Americas, it is known for the severity of its tortures and persecution of Jews and Muslims. All inquisitions had the power to supervise and discipline the moral failings of both clergy and laity. The Spanish inquisition was sent to hunt out heresy in Spain to ensure religious orthodoxy due to the protestant reformation in Europe. -
Period: 1300 to 1500
Humanism Effect: S, P
Humanism help the reformation by challenging the church's authority over the idea that individuals should think for themselves in what faith they wanted to believe in and the idea that the bible should be produced in a different language for more people to be able to read it. -
1476
The printing press Cause: S, P
The printing press was very important for the reformation because Luther was able to use the printing press to let more people know about his 95 theses and it produced many more copies of religious writings. -
1513
Pope Leo X Cause: S, P
When Leo became the pope he wanted to demonstrate his love for art by starting a massive building project so he encouraged the sale of indulgences so he can use the money for the project. it is believed that if he was more interested in religion instead of artwork, Martin Luther would have never created the 95 theses that questioned Leo. After Luther refused to retract 41 of his 95 theses, Leo excommunicated him and he was the last pope to look at the papacy as a temporal monarchy. -
Oct 31, 1517
Martin Luther's ninety-five theses Cause: P,S,E
The ninety-five theses was written to question the archbishop of Mainz selling indulgences and the theses opposed the selling of indulgences. The theses caused an outrage and many debates about what it means to be a true christian and it is considered to have started the reformation. -
1521
Diet of Worms Effect: P
The diet is worms was an assembly meeting of the Holy Roman Empire to determine how they should respond to Luther's teachings. After the assembly everyone was forbidden to shelter or aid Martin Luther and that he should be captured and punished as a heretic. The diet of worms marked Luther's official break with the church. -
1534
Henry VIII replacing the pope Cause: P, E
The king replaced the pope as the head of the church in England which caused Catholics and protestants to divide. The king became the head of the church which made him wealthy and he disbanded the monasteries to use the money to fund wars and pay off debts, this was known as the dissolution of the monasteries. -
1534
Jesuits Effect: S
The Jesuits was an apostolic religious community called the society of Jesus, they were an order of the Roman Catholic priests that mostly worked as teachers and missionaries and they were the largest of the new orders of the Catholic reformation. The Jesuits had two major objectives which were Catholic education and missionary work, they established schools and universities all around Europe in order to maintain relevance of the Catholic church due to the reformation. -
1536
John Calvin's institutes of the Christian religion Effect: S
The institutes of the Christian religion was a summary of biblical theology that was meant to be a statement of French protestant beliefs that would refute the King but. It became the reformed faith and It had six chapters about the Ten Commandments, Apostles Creed, the Lord's Prayer, Lord's supper, and the sacrament of baptism. The book caused Calvinism to become a major religious and intellectual force around the world. -
Period: 1545 to 1563
Council of Trent Effect: S
The council of Trent was a meeting with catholic clerics brought by pope Paul III, in response to the protestant reformation. The meeting established foundations in faith, religious practices, and disciplinary procedures for church members not abiding by its reforms. It also acknowledged internal abuses because of the corrupt priests and bishops and how to remove those issues from the church. -
Sep 25, 1555
Peace of Augsburg Effect: P
The Peace of Augsburg was the first permanent legal basis for the coexistence of Lutheranism and Catholicism in Germany. The peace agreement allowed the state princes to decide either religion as their domain, this officially ended the conflict between both groups but it made no provisions for other protestant denominations such as Calvinism. -
1558
Elizabeth restores protestantism Cause: P, S
When Elizabeth I, the daughter of Henry VIII, became the queen of England she restored protestantism and suppressed catholicism in England. Her religious policies such as the Act of Supremacy and the Act of Uniformity consolidated the power of the church under her and to regularize the practice of the faith. -
Aug 24, 1572
St. Bartholomew's Day massacre Effect: S
This event was a widespread slaughter of French protestants it started when the catholic faction assassinated the leading protestant, in fear of a Huguenot uprising. The massacre started after years of religious tensions due to the spread of new teachings of the protestant reformation. The assassination of protestant leaders lead to more protestant being hunted and when the news spread it caused other cities to do the same thing. -
Edict of Nantes Effects: P, S
The edict of Nantes was a law that provided religious tolerance and civil rights for the Huguenots(French protestants). This law was aimed at ending the religious wars between French catholics and protestants.