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Considered the "mother culture" of Mesoamerica, known for their colossal heads and influence on
later civilizations. -
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Develop in Monte Albán, establishing a complex society with writing and monumental architecture.
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Height of the city, becoming an important cultural and commercial center with its famous
Pyramid of the Sun. -
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Classic Period, flourishing in southern Mexico and Central
America, with advances in astronomy, mathematics, and writing. -
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Known for their art and architecture, influencing later cultures such as the Mexicas.
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Foundation of
Tenochtitlán and expansion of an
empire through alliances and conquests, rich in culture and religion. -
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Formation of the Inca Empire in the Andean region, known for advanced agricultural techniques and architecture, such as Machu Picchu.
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Columbus' voyage marks the beginning of Spain's expansion in the Americas. -
Spain and Portugal divide the world into spheres of influence to avoid territorial conflicts. -
Portugal establishes a presence in what is now Brazil -
Spain establishes itself as a power in Central and North America.
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Spain secures control of much of South America
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The vast region conquered by Cortés is organized under Spanish colonial governance. -
Spain enacts regulations to govern its colonies and protect indigenous peoples. -
Spain extends its empire into Asia. -
King Philip II of Spain also assumes the throne of Portugal, expanding his empire. -
Spain experiences cultural and economic flourishing, with figures like Velázquez and Cervantes.
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After years of war, the Netherlands gains independence from Spain. -
Spain fights for European control, with Philip V emerging victorious, beginning the Bourbon dynasty.
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Spain loses territories in Europe, like the Low Countries, but retains its hold on the Americas.
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colonies fight for independence, starting with Venezuela and Mexico. -
Spanish colonies fight for independence, starting with Venezuela and Mexico.
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Spain loses its last major colonies, including Cuba, Puerto Rico, the Philippines, and Guam, marking the end of the empire. -
Though no longer a superpower, Spain enters a period of dictatorship under Francisco Franco.