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- Nalanda and Valabhi Universities
- Fa Hien visited - Chinese connection
- Medium of instruction - vernacular language
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Chinese traveller. Visits Pataliputra & Tamralipti monasteries.
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Visited monasteries of Hinayana and Mahayana schools
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Studied at Nalanda University
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Started from 8th C AD. Went on till 1771.
Hindu-Buddhist scientists fled invasion. Moved to interiors - eventually to Tibet.
Number of Sanskrit, Pali, Prakrit texts translated to Tibetan - for fear of being burnt by Muslims. -
- Sanskrit/Prakrit - replaced by Urdu/Persian - Amir Khusrau - poet, musician, scholar - Maktabas/Madrasas - Curr - traditional + rational sciences - Geography started
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By Bhaktiyar Khilji
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Introduce printing of books - St. Paul's College in Goa
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Problems of military conquests and revenue systems.
Still eyeing trade and natural resources in the country.
No interest in advancement of learning -
EIC is formed
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Fra Bartolomeo commented on the wonders of Indian Education.
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Notice widespread education. Report of better standards than even European schools. Most villages have public schoools. Mostly funded by locals and Raja's treasury.
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- Training teachers for elementary and primary schools
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Prior to 1765, neutral attitude.
They concentrated on governance, missionaries concentrated on education.
After 1765 - gained political sovereignty - needed to be religiously neutral.
Stopped supporting missionaries -
Aliah University, Calcutta
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Personal interest to further oriental learnings.
Becomes a treasurehouse of knowledge about Asia and culture.
Starts research on oriental education. -
Missionaries and local Indians fight for EIC to recognize education.
Missionaries had no power in EIC ruled India.
Fought in Britain, in the British Parliament. -
Sets up various public missionary schools.
Translates Ramayana into English.
Translates Bible into different Indian Languages.
Starts the first English School -
Turning point in Indian Education system under the British. Recommendations:
- Crown over British India
- Indian Education = Primary duty of EIC
- Missionary = OK to spread education
- Assign 1 lakh rupees - for furthering education in India -
- Utilitarian, Evangelists, Liberals - All favored British Education
- Orientalists - Wanted money (1 lakh) spent on expanding Oriental education.
- Anglicists - (even Indians like Rajaram Mohan Roy) wanted western education.
- 1 Lakh sum was too less to meet its original intended purpose.
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T.B. Macaulay - lawyer, educationist, chairman of Committee for Public Instruction. Minutes:
- English Education - Great! Oriental Education - Unholy, Corrupted
- Infiltration theory - to be used as Interpretors
- 1 Shelf of European books in library = whole Indian + Arab lit
- Creation of Black Europeans Purpose:
- Allow Indians to take up petty jobs in EIC offices
- Improve trade of European goods
- Downward Infiltration = Greater class difference -
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- English replaced by Persian as Court language
- Jobs for Civil servants -- English-speaking Indians
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Public Instruction Committee is disbanded.
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Charles Wood's - Chairman of the Board of Control.
Part of renewing Charter Act (every 20 years). Recommendations:
- to regularize the education system - from primary to University.
- to teach in both English and vernacular subjects
- to set up Department of Education in all regional areas
- to promote mass education - both public and private
- grant-in-aid system
- to promote women education
- to train teachers to teach
- to establish 3 universities - modeled after London University -
Madras, Calcutta, Bombay Universities set up.
In line with the London University.
As a result of Wood's Despatch. -
Need:
- Grant-in-aid was a failure Recommendations:
- Indigenous education
- Withdrawal of Govt from education
- Primary Education
- Bifurcation of Secondary Education
- Grant-in-aid
- Religious neutrality -
Sir Edward Bayley - President Recommendations:
- Readers graduated according to increasing difficulty of idioms
- English books shd be entertaining - not just instructional
- Indians should study History of England -
Need:
- Urgency to introduce mother tongue learning
- Inadequacy of the prevailing edu system
- University education had failed Dawn Society - Founded in 1902
National Council for Education - 1906 Object of the council:
- Impart literary and technical education
- National education
- Running in parallel to the existing edu system -
Need:
- Blaring issues in the universities
- London University was remodeled in 1898 Recommendations:
- Don’t recognize universities, recognize senates
- Proper representation of teachers in the senate
- University should closely monitor affiliated colleges
- Hostel for students -
Need:
- Urgency to introduce mother tongue learning
- Inadequacy of the prevailing edu system
- University education had failed Dawn Society - Founded in 1902
National Council for Education - 1906 Object of the council:
- Impart literary and technical education
- National education
- Running in parallel to the existing edu system -
Gopal Krishna Gokhale - Professor, INC President
Drafted in 1910, Presented in 1912.
Compulsory Primary Education.
Based on the Compulsory Education Acts of England.
Was rejected by the Imperial Legislative Council.
