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1500
Nov 28- 1500
The Iroquois lived in a matriarchal society where the leadership and decisions were in the responsibility of the women. The Algonquians lived in a patriarchal society where the father played a vital leadership role. -
Nov 28- 1608
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1610 Power Relations Between the Amerindians and the Colonial Administrators
Alliances were formed in order to protect the economic interests in the Fur Trade. The French and the Hurons were allied and fought against the Iroquois and British over the control of the Fur Trade territory and lost. -
1663 Royal Government
The King and the Minister of Marine would remain in France as the Sovereign Council ran New France directly.
The Sovereign council was made up of the following members:
Governor, Intendant, Bishop.
Not on the Council but still had power was the Captain of Militia -dealt with issues on seigneuries. -
1663 Power Relations Between the Church and State
The Church was involved in political decisions because of its role in the Sovereign Council. New France was under the system where the companies who held monopoly which was destroying New France. The king ended this monopoly and placed New France under the Minister of Marine who was in charge of all colonies overseas. He then decided to implement the Royal Government which meant that France would have more power and make more money, and New France would be a stronger colony. -
1700 Power Relations Between the Colony and the Mother Country
The influence of decisions made by the mother country on the power in the colony.
Absolute monarchy: The king names administrators of the colony and can still reverse any decisions they make.
the people who moved to New France from France are much happier because in New France, everyone had to become very independent therefore they became their own distinct set of people called Canadians. -
1701 Great Peace of Montreal1701
The Great Peace of Montreal was a peace treaty between New France and 40 First Nations of North America. It was signed on August 4, 1701, by Louis-Hector de Callière, governor of New France, and 1300 representatives of 40 aboriginal nations. -
1760 Articles of Capitulation
When the war between French and English was over the King of England told the head of the army, James Murray, to be in charge until the war in Europe was over. His rules were called the articles of capitulation.
1. The French Militia could return home, no one would lose their property
2. The French Regular military would lay down their arms and leave
3. The people could practice the R.C. religion, but the Bishop would have to leave
4. The people who stayed would become British subjects -
1763 Treaty of Paris
After the 7 years war ended, France and Britain signed the Treaty of Paris which gave all of the territory of New France to Britain except for St-Pierre and Miquelon. -
1766 James Murray's Changes
Murray found that the Royal Proclamation wouldn't work because only 1% of the population was English and Protestant. James Murray bent the rules to make the French who were Roman Catholic content. The changes he made were allowing a new Bishop, changing the laws to French civil, English criminal. -
1770 Guy Carleton
The English were upset that James Murray didn't favour them so they asked London for a new governor so they sent in Guy Carleton. Despite their wishes/expectations, Carleton kept the same laws and changes that Murray had put into action. He had a special reason to be tolerant towards the French, he wanted tp have their loyalty as the Americans were beginning to demand their independence. -
1774 Quebec Act
Whole thing is designed to keep the Canadians from joining the Americans in revolting by:
1. Enlarges the area of Quebec
2. Denied an elected assembly
3. Appointed council (min.17 members) (appointed by the governor/king)
4. French civil laws were in stated; tithe and seigniorial system are back
5. Test Act Oath→ Test Oath of Allegiance (swear to king you’re loyal to him and could hold office) -
1783 Loyalists
They moved north to the only British colony left in North America, Quebec. 36000 loyalists came to Canada and 6000 loyalists came to Quebec.
- The English population of Quebec had a sudden increase (10%)
- They settled according to the Township system.
- They gave their settlements English names.
- The Loyalists were used to English civil laws.
- They were used to having elected assemblies.
They started writing petitions to London for change and after years of complaining they got their wish. -
1791 Constitutional Act
Province of Quebec was split up into two parts;
-- Upper Canada, that was entirely English (20 000 ppl), would be all protestants and would use the township system with English civil laws.
-- Lower Canada, that was mostly French (160 000 ppl), would keep the French religion (Catholism), people could work in administration. -
1834 92 Resolutions
-The leader of the Patriotes was Louis Joseph Papineau, and in 1834 he wrote 92 Resolutions (a list of the assemblies demands) their main demand was for Responsible Government (for the members of the councils to be selected from the elected assembly) and the government made up by the people would be responsible for its decisions. He sent these resolutions to London. -
1837 The Rebellions of 1837-1838
Upper Canada’s Rebellion was lead by William Lyon Mackenzie and quickly put down.
Lower Canada’s Rebellion was led by Louis Joseph Papineau and after several battles St-Charles, St-Denis, St-Eustache the rebellion was put down.
The Patriotes are supported by the clergy but they don’t have enough support outside Montreal and fail. They were poorly organized and equiped.
Results:
12 Patriotes were hanged outside Montreal’s prison as a symbol
58 were exiled to Australia -
1839 Lord Durham's Recommendations
-Britain should increase immigration in order to assimilate the French.
-The two Canada’s should be united (eng. now have majority)
-Responsible Government should be granted to eliminate veto power. -
1840 Act of Union
(Clearly this system was flawed (not responsible) it would be changed in a very short time)
→ Conflict occurred very quickly. -
1848 Responsible Government
Responsible Government was adopted slowly:
1842: The Prime minister would select members of the executive council from the assembly.
1848: Governor Lord Elgin would be the first to not use his veto powers, and allow the Prime minister (majority holder) to have executive powers. The structure of Responsible Government:
Responsible government is when the governor is responsible and doesn’t use his veto power over everything -
1860 Politics in the 1860s
The political system became responsible but no one could agree on who should be in charge, no party could win a majority government. The party leaders agreed a merger was necessary, meetings were needed to discuss such things. (Charlottetown Conference, Quebec Conference, London Conference)
