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Period: to
Comtemporary
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Hollywood 10 (CW)
Witnesses like, Walt Disney and Jack Warner, and movie stars Robert Taylor and Gary Cooper gave statements about the communist influence in the film industry.The “Hollywood Ten,” as the witnesses came to be known, was found in contempt of Congress and went to serve jail time.The fate of the Hollywood Ten scared many in the film industry when new HUAC hearings started, Hollywood quickly obeyed the committee’s demands.Hundreds of performers were placed on a “blacklist, banned from jobs. -
Period: to
Cold War
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Marshall Plan (CW)
The Marshall Plan, also known as the European Recovery Program, channeled over $13 billion to finance the economic recovery of Europe between 1948 and 1951. The Marshall Plan successfully sparked economic recovery, meeting its objective of ‘restoring the confidence of the European people in the economic future of their own countries and of Europe as a whole.’ The plan is named for Secretary of State George C. Marshall, who announced it in a commencement speech on June 5, 1947. -
Berlin Airlift (CW)
The Russians who wanted Berlin all for themselves–closed all roads and canals from western-occupied Germany into western-occupied Berlin.Instead of leaving West Berlin, the U.S. and its allies decided to supply their sectors of the city from the air. This effort, known as the “Berlin Airlift,” lasted for more than a year and carried more than 2.3 million tons of cargo into West Berlin. -
Beat Generation (50s)
They were radical, rebellious, experimental and had a way with words.The Beat Generation rose to prominence in America, inspiring a culture of nonconformity and social revolution. Allen Ginsberg and Jack Kerouac were some of the more famous faces of the group, as was William S. Burroughs. The American social and literary movement was centered in the bohemian artist communities of San Francisco's North Beach, Los Angeles' Venice West, and New York City's Greenwich Village. -
Fair Deal (50s)
A "Fair Deal" is what President Harry Truman called his plan. ... His Fair Deal recommended that all Americans have health insurance, that the minimum wage (the lowest amount of money per hour that someone can be paid) be increased, and that, by law, all Americans be guaranteed equal rights.The Fair Deal was an ambitious set of proposals put forward by U.S. President Harry S. Truman to Congress in his January 1949 State of the Union address. -
G.I Bill (50s)
The G.I. Bill was created to help veterans of World War II. It established hospitals, made low-interest mortgages available and granted tuition and expenses for veterans attending college or trade schools. Nearly 9 million veterans received close to $4 billion from the bill’s unemployment compensation program.The Readjustment Benefits Act of 1966 extended these benefits to all veterans of the armed forces, including those who had served during peacetime. -
Television (50s)
NBC, CBS, and ABC were "networks" in name only. All of the programming originated, live, in New York. The only way the networks had to distribute the shows to the rest of the nation was to point a film camera at a television screen and convert video to film. These 16mm films, known as kinescopes, were then duplicated and shipped to the few stations for broadcast later. By necessity, most programming was local,cooking shows and cartoons took up most of the broadcast day. -
Period: to
1950s
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The Korean War (CW)
The Korean War began when some 75,000 soldiers from the North Korean People’s Army poured across the 38th parallel, the boundary between the Soviet-backed Democratic People’s Republic of Korea to the north and the pro-Western Republic of Korea to the south. This invasion was the first military action of the Cold War. By July, American troops had entered the war on South Korea’s behalf. It was a war against the forces of international communism itself. -
Duck & Cover (CW)
Duck and Cover is a civil defense training film that was widely distributed to United States schoolchildren in the 1950s. It advised students on what to do in the event of a nuclear explosion. Duck and Cover Drills Bring the Cold War Home. After the Soviet Union exploded its first atomic bomb in 1949, the American public was understandably nervous. They were aware of the destruction that individual atomic bombs did to the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. -
Bill Haley and The Comets (50s)
Just before the Thanksgiving holidays in 1952, Haley's band changed their name and their image for the last time. Off came the cowboy boots and the white Stetsons. With some regrets, the four young musicians turned their backs on their beloved western music and bravely faced an unknown future as "Bill Haley and His Comets".In 1953 he wrote, "Crazy Man Crazy" which became the first rock and roll record to make the Billboard pop chart reaching the Top 20. -
Dr.Jonas Salk (50s)
Medical researcher Dr. Jonas Salk announces on a national radio show that he has successfully tested a vaccine against poliomyelitis. In 1952 an epidemic year for polio there were 58,000 new cases reported in the United States, and more than 3,000 died from the disease. For promising eventually to eradicate the disease, which is known as “infant paralysis” because it mainly affects children, Dr. Salk was celebrated as the great doctor-benefactor of his time. -
Elvis (50s)
Sam Phillips, decided to take the young performer under his wing. Presley soon began touring and recording, catching his first big break. "That's All Right", Presley's first single in 1954.Presley began to develop a following with fans being drawn to his unusual musical style, provocative gyrating hips, and good looks. Soon, Presley was everywhere on the radio, television and the silver screen working as a musician and actor. His first film, Love Me Tender, was a box office hit. -
Period: to
Civil Rights
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Little Richard (50s)
At the age of 13, Richard was ordered to move out of the family home.Richard was taken in by a white family who owned a club in Macon, where Richard eventually began performing.In 1955 Richard hooked up with Specialty Records producer Art Rupe.In September, Richard created “Tutti-Frutti,” an instant Billboard hit that reached No.17. Little Richard appeared in several films, such as Don’t Knock the Rock, The Girl Can’t Help It and Mister Rock ‘n’ Roll. -
Albert Sabin (50s)
Albert Sabin developed the first effective used live virus poliomyelitis vaccine.Receiving his medical degree in 1931, Sabin immediately began research on the cause of polio.Sabin joined the Children's Hospital Research Foundation. It was there that he proved that polioviruses lived in the small intestines. This discovery indicated that polio might be vulnerable to a vaccine taken orally. For two years the vaccine was tested on prison inmates with no harmful effects. -
Emmett Till (CR)
14-year-old Emmett Till, an African American from Chicago, is murdered for allegedly flirting with a white woman four days earlier. The woman’s husband and her brother made Emmett carry a 75-pound cotton-gin fan to the Tallahatchie River and take off his clothes. The two men then beat him nearly to death, gouged out his eye, shot him in the head and then threw his body, tied to the cotton-gin fan with barbed wire, into the river.After Emmett’s body was buried, Milam and Bryant went on trial. -
Rosa Parks (CR)
Civil rights activist Rosa Parks refused to surrender her seat to a white passenger on a segregated Montgomery, Alabama bus, which spurred on the 381-day Montgomery Bus Boycott that helped launch nationwide efforts to end segregation of public facilities. The city of Montgomery had no choice but to lift the law requiring segregation on public buses. Rosa Parks received many accolades during her lifetime, including the NAACP's highest award. -
Eisenhower Interstate System (CW)
The Interstate Highway System is a network of controlled-access highways that form part of the National Highway System in the United States.The bill created a 41,000-mile “National System of Interstate and Defense Highways” that would, according to Eisenhower, eliminate unsafe roads, inefficient routes, traffic jams and all of the other things that got in the way of “speedy, safe transcontinental travel.” -
Ike Turner (50s)
In the late 1940s, Turner started a group called the Kings of Rhythm. In 1951, their song, "Rocket 88," is considered by many to be the first rock and rock recording. In 1956, he met a teenager named Anna Mae Bullock, the young singer developed a personal relationship with Turner. The duo's cover of Creedence Clearwater Revival's "Proud Mary" earned them their first and only Grammy Award together in 1971. In 2007, Turner died of a cocaine overdose in his San Marcos, California, home. -
Little Rock 9 (CR)
The Little Rock Nine were a group of black students who enrolled at an all-white Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas.Their attendance at the school was a test of Brown v. Board of Education. On September 4, 1957, the first day of classes at Central High, Governor Orval Faubus called in the Arkansas National Guard to block the black students’ entry into the high school. Later that month, President Dwight D. Eisenhower sent in federal troops to escort the Little Rock Nine into the school. -
Sputnik (CW)
The Soviet Union begins the “Space Age” with its launch of Sputnik, the world’s first artificial satellite. Sputnik, after the Russian word for “satellite,” was launched at 10:29 p.m. It had a diameter of 22 inches and weighed 184 pounds and circled Earth every hour and 36 minutes. Traveling at 18,000 mph, its elliptical orbit had an apogee of 584 miles. Visible with binoculars, Sputnik transmitted radio signals back to Earth strong enough to be picked up by amateur radio operators. -
FEMINISM (60s)
In the 1960s, deep cultural changes were altering the role of women in American society. More females were entering the paid workforce, this increased the dissatisfaction among women having a gender imbalance in pay and sexual harassment at the workplace.Extreme changes were happening in the bedroom.More than 80 percent of wives were using contraception after the federal government approved birth control.This freed many women from unwanted pregnancy and gave them freedom in their personal lives. -
Counter Culture (60s)
In the United States, the counterculture of the 1960s became identified with the rejection of conventional social norms of the 1950s. Counterculture youth rejected the cultural standards of their parents, with respect to racial segregation and initial widespread support for the Vietnam War,and, less directly, the Cold War with many young people fearing that America's nuclear arms race with the Soviet Union, coupled with its involvement in Vietnam, would lead to a nuclear holocaust. -
Barry Goldwater (60s)
His brand of conservatism stressed small government and the absolute rejection of collectivism. Goldwater was particularly suspicious of labor unions as a base of political power and decried foreign aid and unbalanced budgets. His 1960 book, The Conscience of a Conservative, sold millions and firmly established his reputation.Goldwater lost to Democratic Lyndon B. Johnson. Johnson branded Goldwater as a radical whose election would jeopardize the stability a country already in the Vietnam War. -
Peace Corps (60s)
The main reason that JFK proposed this idea was to stop communism and he asked these volunteers to spread democratic ideas.The volunteers are sent to these countries in hopes of bettering the relationship with the country in need of services and the U.S.It helps public relations and gives the U.S.more allies.The Peace Corps was a good idea during the time of the Cold War. -
SNCC (CR)
The SNCC, was a civil-rights group formed to give younger blacks a voice in the civil rights movement. The SNCC soon became one of the movement’s more radical branches. In the wake of the Greensboro sit-in at a lunch counter closed to blacks, Ella Baker, helped set up the first meeting of what became the SNCC. Baker encouraged those who formed SNCC to look beyond integration to broader social change and to view King’s principle of nonviolence more as a political tactic than a way of life. -
Period: to
1960s
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Earl Warren Supreme Court (60s)
Earl Warren served in the military during WWI and later became a county district attorney. He won election to his home state's governorship, holding that position from 1943 until 1953, and was then appointed chief justice of the U.S. Supreme Court. Warren led the Court through many landmark cases dealing with race, justice, and representation. After John F. Kennedy's assassination, Warren headed the investigating commission. He retired from the bench in 1969. -
Freedom Rides (CR)
Freedom Riders were groups of white and black civil rights activists who participated in Freedom Rides, bus trips through the South in 1961 to protest segregated bus terminals. Freedom Riders tried to use “whites-only” restrooms and lunch counters at bus stations in Alabama, South Carolina, and other Southern states.The groups were confronted by arresting police officers as well as horrific violence from white protestors along their routes, but also drew international attention to their cause. -
Hippies (60s)
Young people, concerned about the threat of nuclear war and inequality, began to openly reject the political and social system.The Counterculture challenged society, and values by expressing their ideas in a simple message "Turn on, tune in, drop out". They represented a movement that was opposite of the accepted norms of American middle-class society.The hippies adopted colorful, long hair and experimented with the use of psychedelic drugs.The hippies promoted a Utopian lifestyle. -
Lee Harvey Oswald (60s)
Oswald joined the Marines and later defected to the Soviet Union. He returned to America, and eventually acquired firearms. Oswald allegedly assassinated President John. F. Kennedy on November 22, 1963, in Dallas, Texas.Oswald was spotted leaving the scene of the shooting and was later found by officer J.D. Tippit, who Oswald shot and killed. Oswald was later found and apprehended by the police at the Texas Theater, While being taken to county jail, Oswald was killed by Jack Ruby. -
Jack Ruby (60s)
On November 24, as the suspect was being transferred from the city jail to the county jail, Ruby stepped out of a crowd of onlookers and gunned down the younger man. The event was witnessed by millions of Americans on live television. Ruby, a Chicago native with a shadowy past, was convicted of murder in 1964. He claimed he had acted out of grief and denied any involvement in a conspiracy. In 1966 Ruby’s conviction was overturned; however, while waiting for a new trial, he died of cancer. -
LSD (60s)
As LSD became available for recreational use, it started to gain a massive reputation as a magic pill for direct spiritual experience. This dovetailed perfectly with the radical questioning of government and social norms that was prevalent in the 1960s, and the drug’s popularity was significantly helped along by figures like Harvard professors Timothy Leary and Richard Alpert, who encouraged taking LSD and other psychedelics to their students and the world at large. -
Birmingham March (CR)
The Birmingham Campaign was a movement led by the Southern Christian Leadership Conference which sought to bring the national attention to the efforts of local black leaders to desegregate public facilities. The campaign was led by Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. and Reverends James Bevel and Fred Shuttlesworth, among others.it was launched with lunch counter sit-ins, a march to city hall, and a boycott of downtown merchants. King spoke to black citizens about nonviolence and appealed for volunteers. -
Malcolm X (CR)
Malcolm X was a minister, human rights activist and prominent black nationalist leader who served as a spokesman for the Nation of Islam.Articulate, passionate and a naturally gifted and inspirational orator, Malcolm X exhorted blacks to cast off the shackles of racism "by any means necessary," including violence. The fiery civil rights leader broke with the group shortly before his assassination on February 21, 1965, at the Audubon Ballroom, where he had been preparing to deliver a speech. -
Daisy Girl Ad (60s)
"Daisy", sometimes known as "Daisy Girl" or "Peace, Little Girl", was a controversial political advertisement aired on television during the 1964 United States presidential election by incumbent president Lyndon B. Johnson's campaign. The Republican campaign erupted in outrage. The Johnson campaign, which anticipated the heat, quietly and quickly pulled the ad, and it never ran again. -
Selma March (CR)
In an effort to register black voters in the South, protesters marched the 54-mile route from Selma to the state capital of Montgomery were confronted violence from the police and white vigilante groups.The protesters under the protection of the National Guard troops finally achieved their goal, walking around the clock for three days to reach Montgomery. The historic march raised awareness of the difficulties faced by black voters, and the need for a national Voting Rights Act. -
Black Panther Party (CR)
The Black Panthers was a political organization founded by Huey Newton and Bobby Seale to challenge police brutality against the black community. Dressed in black berets and leather jackets, the Black Panthers organized armed citizen patrols of Oakland and other U.S. cities.In 1968, the Black Panther Party had roughly 2,000 members. The organization later declined as a result of internal tensions, deadly shootouts and FBI counterintelligence activities aimed at weakening the organization. -
My Lai Massacre (CW)
The My Lai massacre was one of the most horrific incidents of violence committed against unarmed civilians during the Vietnam War. A group of American soldiers brutally killed women, children and old men in the village of My Lai. More than 500 people were slaughtered in the My Lai massacre, including young girls and women who were raped and mutilated before being killed. U.S. Army officers covered up the carnage for a year before it was reported in the American press. -
Death of MLK (CR)
MLK was assassinated in Memphis,Tennessee an event that sent shock waves around the world. A minister and founder of the SCLC, King had led the civil rights movement, using speeches and nonviolent protests to fight segregation and achieve civil rights for African Americans.His assassination led to an outpouring of anger among blacks, as well as national mourning that helped speed the way for an equal housing bill that would be the last significant legislative achievement of the civil rights era. -
Apollo 11 (CW)
American astronauts Neil Armstrong and Edwin “Buzz” Aldrin became the first humans ever to land on the moon. About six-and-a-half hours later, Armstrong became the first person to walk on the moon. As he set took his first step, Armstrong famously said, “That’s one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind.” The Apollo 11 mission occurred eight years after President John Kennedy announced a national goal of landing a man on the moon by the end of the 1960s. -
Phyllis Schlafly (70s)
Schlafly, the political activist who galvanized conservatives to help defeat the ERA and push the Republican party to the right.She contended that the amendment would deprive a woman of the fundamental right to stay home and care for her children.Her emotionally charged argument against the amendment included warnings that it would force women to serve in combat zones, cause unisex restrooms to proliferate and allow gays to marry. -
Stagflation (70s)
Stagflation increased unemployment in the U.S due to stagnant business activity and persistent inflation rate. Americans started expecting a continuous increase in the prices of goods and service and as a consequence, they bought more.To combat economic instability, President Jimmy Carter took some desperate steps. He increased government spending, constituted voluntary wage and price guidelines with an objective to control inflation, his attempts turned out unsuccessful. -
Period: to
1970s
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Environmental Protection Agency (70s)
The American conversation about protecting the environment began in the 1960s.As a result of public concerns about deteriorating city air, natural areas littered with debris, and urban water supplies contaminated with dangerous impurities, President Nixon presented the House and Senate a 37-point message on the environment.The president sent to Congress a plan to consolidate many environmental responsibilities of the federal government under one agency, a new Environmental Protection Agency. -
Title IX (70s)
Few opportunities existed for female athletes.The National Collegiate Athletic Association, which was created to enforce rules in men’s football but had become the ruling body of college athletics, offered no athletic scholarships for women.Title IX prohibits federally funded educational institutions from discriminating against students or employees based on sex.Any school that receives federal money from elementary to university level, must provide equal treatment of the sexes. -
Watergate (70s)
The Watergate scandal began in June when burglars were arrested in the office of the Democratic National Committee, located in the Watergate building.This was no ordinary robbery: The prowlers were connected to President Richard Nixon’s reelection campaign, and they had been caught wiretapping phones and stealing documents. Nixon took aggressive steps to cover up the crime afterward, and after his role in the conspiracy was revealed, Nixon resigned. -
Equal Rights Amendment (70s)
First proposed by the National Woman’s political party in 1923.The revival of feminism in the late 1960s spurred its introduction into Congress. Because of the rejection of the Equal Rights Amendment, sexual equality, with the notable exception of when it pertains to the right to vote, is not protected by the Constitution.In the late 20th century, the government and all states have passed legislation protecting the legal rights of women. -
Roe v. Wade (70s)
The Court ruled, that a woman’s right to choose an abortion was protected by the privacy rights guaranteed by the Fourteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution.By the turn of the century, all states had laws against abortion.Crackdowns led to a reform movement that succeeded in lifting abortion restrictions in states before the Supreme Court decision in Roe v. Wade.Most Americans prefer that women have abortions in the early stages of pregnancy, free of any government interference. -
Panama Canal (70s)
President Jimmy Carter and Panamanian dictator Omar Torrijos signed a treaty to transfer control of the Panama Canal from the United States to Panama. The Treaty also authorized the immediate abolishment of the Canal Zone, a 10-mile-wide, 40-mile-long U.S.-controlled area that bisected the Republic of Panama. Many in Congress opposed giving up control of the Panama Canal a symbol of U.S. power but America’s administration of the strategic waterway had long irritated Panamanians. -
Camp David Accords (70s)
Egyptian President Anwar el-Sadat and Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin sign the Camp David Accords, laying the groundwork for a permanent peace agreement between Egypt and Israel after three decades of hostilities. The accords were negotiated during 12 days of intensive talks at President Jimmy Carter’s Camp David retreat in Maryland. The final peace agreement was signed on March 1979. Sadat and Begin were jointly awarded the 1978 Nobel Peace Prize for their efforts. -
Iran Hostage Crisis (70s)
In November 1979,a group of Iranian students stormed the U.S. Embassy in Tehran, taking more than 60 American hostages.This happened because of President Jimmy Carter’s decision to allow Iran’s Shah, a pro-Western autocrat who had been expelled from his country, to come to the U.S for cancer treatment.The students set them free in January 1981, just hours after President Ronald Reagan delivered his inaugural address.Many believe that hostage crisis cost Jimmy Carter a second term as president. -
Rap Music (80s)
Rapping first gained popularity in the 70s as a street art, among African American teenagers.When the Sugarhill Gang released their hit, ‘Rapper’s Delight,record producers took notice of this musical genre.Numerous rap acts, including Run-DMC and N.W.A. and rap’s audience began to swell. It wasn’t just Black male rappers getting in on the act. By the 1980s, white rap bands such as the Beastie Boys and female rap bands such as Salt-n-Pepa were reaching the top of the charts. -
Sam Walton's Just-in-Time Inventory (80s)
The purpose of JIT production is to avoid the waste associated with overproduction, waiting and excess inventory, three of the seven waste categories defined in the Toyota Production System.The simplest tool used to increase the performance of your application is the Just-In-Time (JIT) compiler. A JIT is a code generator that converts Java bytecode into native machine code. Java programs invoked with a JIT generally run much faster than when the bytecode is executed by the interpreter. -
Period: to
1980s
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MTV (80s)
Music Television goes on the air for the first time ever,” The Buggles’ was the first music video to air, which was available only to households in parts of NJ. MTV became an influential source of pop culture and entertainment in the U.S and other parts of the world, which all have MTV-branded channels.In the 1980s, MTV was instrumental in promoting the careers of performers such as Madonna, Michael Jackson, Prince and Duran Duran, whose videos played in heavy rotation. -
A.I.D.S Crisis (80s)
AIDS caused by HIV found its way to the U.S in the 60s but was first noticed after doctors discovered clusters of Kaposi's sarcoma and pneumocystis pneumonia in young gay men in Los Angeles 1981. Treatment of HIV/AIDS is a "drug cocktail" of protease inhibitors, and education programs to help people avoid infection.Foreigns were turned away at the border to help prevent infections.Gay and Bi's,African Americans, and Latinos remain disproportionately affected by HIV/AIDS in the US. -
Reagonomics (80s)
The four pillars of Reagan's economic policy were to reduce the growth of government spending, reduce the federal income tax and capital gains tax, reduce government regulation, and tighten the money supply in order to reduce inflation.Reaganomics is based on the theory of supply-side economics. It states that corporate tax cuts are the best way to grow the economy.It also says that income tax cuts give workers more incentive to work, increasing the supply of labor. -
Sandra Day O' Connor (80s)
Sandra Day O'Connor was elected to two terms in the Arizona state senate. In 1981 Ronald Reagan nominated her to the U.S. Supreme Court. She received unanimous Senate approval, and made history as the first woman justice to serve on the nation's highest court. O'Connor was a key swing vote in many important cases, including the upholding of Roe v. Wade. She retired in 2006 after serving for 24 years. -
SDI (80s)
The program was to develop an anti-ballistic missile system in order to prevent missile attacks from the Soviet Union. With the tension of the Cold War, the SDI was the U.S response to possible nuclear attacks.In conjunction with budgetary problems, the Strategic Defense Initiative was ultimately set aside.The weapons required included space and ground-based nuclear lasers, subatomic beams, and computer-guided projectiles fired by rail guns under the control of a supercomputer system.” -
Reagan Doctrine (80s)
President Reagan pledged his support for anti-Communist revolutions in what would become known as the "Reagan Doctrine" the U.S was already helping the anti-Soviet freedom fighters, forcing Soviet troops to leave.This policy supported the Contras in their attacks on the Sandinistas, the Afghan rebels in their fight against the Soviet occupiers; and anticommunist forces in that nation’s civil war. President Reagan continued to defend his actions throughout his two terms in office. -
Challenger Explosion (80s)
Challenger exploded just 73 seconds after liftoff, The disaster killed all seven astronauts, including Christa McAuliffe, who would have been the first civilian in space. It was later determined that two rubber O-rings, which had been designed to separate the sections of the rocket booster, had failed due to cold temperatures on the morning of the launch. The tragedy and its aftermath received extensive media coverage and prompted NASA to temporarily suspend all shuttle missions. -
Fall Of The Berlin Wall (CW)
The official purpose of this Berlin Wall was to keep Western “fascists” from entering East Germany and undermining the socialist state, but it primarily served the objective of stemming mass defections from East to West. The Berlin Wall stood until November 9, 1989, when the head of the East German Communist Party announced that citizens of the GDR could cross the border whenever they pleased. That night, ecstatic crowds swarmed the wall. -
Persian Gulf War (90s)
Saddam Hussein ordered the invasion of Kuwait in the early 1990s.Saudi Arabia and Egypt called on the United States and other Western nations to intervene. Hussein defied United Nations Security Council demands to leave Kuwait by mid-January 1991, and the Persian Gulf War began with a massive U.S.-led air offensive known as Operation Desert Storm. After 42 days of relentless attacks by the allied coalition in the air and on the ground, U.S. President George H.W. Bush declared a cease-fire. -
Period: to
1990s
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NAFTA (90s)
Congress passed the Trade and Tariff Act. That gave the president "fast-track" authority to negotiate free trade agreements. It removes Congressional authority to change negotiating points. Instead, it allows Congress only the ability to approve or disapprove the entire agreement. That makes negotiation much easier for the administration.Canadian Prime Minister agreed with Reagan to begin negotiations for the Free Trade Agreement. It was signed 1988 and went into effect 1989. -
Robert Johnson BET (90s)
Johnson and his wife Sheila founded Black Entertainment Television, the first cable network targeting the African-American market. It was launched in January 1980, initially broadcasting for two hours a week. In 1991, BET became the first African American-owned company. The network has continued to grow since that time. Viacom announced plans to purchase BET.Johnson’s majority stake earned him more than $1 billion, made him the richest African American in the U.S. -
Rodney King Incident (90s)
Rodney King was caught by the LAPD after a high-speed chase. The officers beat him brutally and caught it all on videotape. The four LAPD officers were indicted on charges of assault with a deadly weapon and excessive use of force. After a three-month trial, a white jury acquitted the officers and sparking the violent Los Angeles riots.Two decades after the riots, King told CNN that he had forgiven the officers.King was found dead in his swimming pool in 2012 in California, at the age of 47. -
Ross Perot (90s)
Born in Texas in 1930, Ross Perot is best known as one of the most successful third-party candidates in American history. In 1992, Perot ran as an independent candidate for the U.S. presidency, winning 19 percent of the popular vote.The Reform Party, which he founded in 1995,established its autonomy from him. Perot has authored several books, including Ross Perot: My Life & the Principles for Success. -
Bill Clinton (90s)
During Clinton’s time in the White House, America enjoyed an era of peace, low unemployment, declining crime rates. Clinton appointed Janet Reno, the first female U.S. attorney general, and Madeleine Albright, the first female U.S. secretary of state. In 1998, the House of Representatives impeached Clinton on charges related to a sexual relationship he had with a White House intern. He was acquitted by the Senate. Following his presidency, Clinton remained active in public life. -
George H.W. Bush (90s)
George H W Bush served as president from 1989 to 1993. Bush, a World War II vet, and Texas oil executive began his political career in the House of Representatives. he held a variety of government posts, including CIA director. In 1988, Bush defeated Michael Dukakis to win the White House. In the office, he launched successful military operations against Panama and Iraq; his popularity at home was marred by an economic recession, and in 1992 he lost his bid for re-election to Bill Clinton. -
Oprah Winfrey (90s)
In 1976, Winfrey hosted a hit television chat show, People Are Talking.she was then recruited by a Chicago TV station to host her own morning show. She became the host of The Oprah Winfrey Show, which aired for 25 seasons. Winfrey launched her own TV network, the Oprah Winfrey Network. In 1994, talk shows were becoming trashy, she pledged to keep her show free of tabloid topics. Although ratings initially fell, she earned the respect of her viewers and was soon rewarded with popularity. -
Lewinsky Affair (90s)
Bill Clinton and Monica Lewinsky, a White House intern in her early 20s.The two began a sexual relationship that continued for two years.Lewinsky was transferred to a job at the Pentagon, where she confided in Linda Tripp about her affair with the president. Tripp secretly taped some conversations with Lewinsky. In 1998, when news of his extramarital affair became public, Clinton denied the relationship before later admitting to “inappropriate intimate physical contact” with Lewinsky. -
Bush v. Gore (con)
Bush v. Gore, 531 U.S. 98, was a decision of the United States Supreme Court that settled a recount dispute in Florida's 2000 presidential election. The ruling was issued on December 12, 2000. On December 9, the Court had preliminarily halted the Florida recount that was occurring. Eight days earlier, the Court unanimously decided the closely related case of Bush v. Palm Beach County Canvassing Board. The Electoral College was scheduled to meet on December 18, 2000, to decide the election. -
Ralph Nader (con)
Ralph Nader went on to study law. In 1971 he founded the consumer advocacy group Public Citizen and became an opponent of unchecked corporate power.Nader ran for president in every election from 1992 to 2008. In all of them, he operated a no-frills campaign, accepting no corporate or taxpayer money. Nader ran for president as the candidate for the Green Party. The election turned out to be one of the closest in American history between the two major party candidates. -
World Trade Center Attack (90s)
An American Airlines Boeing 767 loaded with 20,000 gallons of jet fuel crashed into the north tower of the World Trade Center in New York City.The impact left a gaping, burning hole near the 80th floor of the 110-story skyscraper, instantly killing hundreds of people and trapping hundreds more in higher floors.18 minutes after, a second Boeing 767 United Airlines Flight 175 appeared out of the sky, turned sharply toward the World Trade Center and sliced into the south tower near the 60th floor. -
PATRIOT ACT (con)
“Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism.” Bush hoped the legislation would empower law enforcement to prevent future terrorist attacks on American soil. The law was intended to enhance the penalties that will fall on terrorists or anyone who helps them.The act increased intelligence agencies’ ability to share information and lifted restrictions on communications surveillance. The Patriot Act superseded all state laws. -
No Child Left Behind Education Act (con)
The NCLB law grew out of concern that American education was no longer internationally competitive; increased the federal role in holding schools responsible for the academic progress of all students. it put a special focus on ensuring that states and schools boost the performance of certain groups of students, such as English-language learners and poor children, whose achievement falls behind. if states didn’t comply, they risked losing federal Title I money. -
Hurricane Katrina Disaster (con)
Hurricane Katrina struck the Gulf Coast of the US. When the storm made landfall, it had a Category 3 rating; it brought winds of 100–140 mph and stretched 400 miles across. The storm itself did damage, but its aftermath was catastrophic. Hundreds of thousands of people in Louisiana, Mississippi, and Alabama were displaced from their homes, and experts estimate that Katrina caused more than $100 billion in damage.The government was slow to meet the needs of people affected by the storm. -
Barack Obama (con)
Born in Honolulu in 1961, Barack Obama entered Harvard Law School in 1988, went on to become President of the Harvard Law Review and a U.S. senator representing Illinois. Obama went to Chicago to practice as a civil rights lawyer with the firm of Miner. In 2008, he was elected President of the United States, becoming the first African-American commander-in-chief. He served two terms as the 44 presidents of the United States. -
The Great Recession (con)
The Great Recession was a global economic downturn that devastated world financial markets as well as the banking and real estate industries. The crisis led to increases in home mortgage foreclosures worldwide and caused millions of people to lose their jobs and their homes. It’s generally considered to be the longest period of economic decline since the Great Depression of the 1930s. its effects were definitely global in nature. -
John McCain (con)
John McCain was born in Panama. He was dispatched to Vietnam, where he was tortured as a prisoner of war between 1967 and 1973. After his release, McCain served as a Republican congressman and senator from the state of Arizona. He launched a bid for the U.S. presidency in 1999 and earned the Republican nomination in 2008, losing to Obama. winning a sixth Senate term in 2016, McCain made headlines for his opposition to Republican attempts to repeal Obamacare and his battle with brain cancer. -
Sonia Sotomayor (con)
Her desire to be a judge was first inspired by the Perry Mason show. She graduated from Yale in 1980. She became a U.S. District Court Judge in 1992 and was elevated to the U.S. Second Circuit Court of Appeals in 1998. In 2009, she was confirmed as the first Latina Supreme Court justice in U.S. history. When she joined the court, she was its youngest judge.1997, she was nominated for the U.S. Second Circuit Court of Appeals by Bill Clinton. Sotomayor began teaching law at NYU and Columbia -
Obamacare (con)
(ACA) or Obamacare, is a U.S statute enacted by the 111th United States Congress and signed into law by Obama on March 23, 2010. The term "Obamacare" was first used by opponents, then reappropriated by supporters, and eventually used by himself. Together with the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010 amendment, it represents the U.S. healthcare system's most significant regulatory overhaul and expansion of coverage since Medicare and Medicaid in 1965.
