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Temperance
Temperance Movement of the 19th-20th centuries,was an organized effort to encourage moderation in the consumption of intoxicating liquors or press for complete abstinence.The movement's ranks were mostly filled by women who,with their children,had endured the effects of unbridled drinking by many of their menfolk.In fact,alcohol was blamed for many of society's demerits, among them severe health problems, destitution and crime. In the beginning they also used moral suasion to address the problem -
Cornelius Vanderbilt
Vanderbilt was a famous philanthropist who worked in railroads and shipping. In the early 1850s,Vanderbilt launched a steamship service that transported prospectors from NY to San Francisco. This was an instant success, he earned more than $1 million. In the 1860s, he shifted his focus from shipping to the railroad industry, where he gained control of a number of railway lines.This was a major transformation of the railroad network, it increased efficiency, and sped up travel and shipment times. -
Robber Barons
The term "Robber Baron" was a derogatory term applied to powerful,wealthy industrialists.They were businessmen, who created massive business organizations(trusts),that enabled them to monopolize major industries that gave them power to regulate supply & price of products.Robber Barons emerged during the United States Industrial Revolution of the 1800s.They changed the lives of Americans forever,bringing about complex social and economic changes that led to riots,strikes & emergence of the unions -
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TRANSFORMING THE WEST
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Boss Tweed
William Magear Tweed,or "Boss" Tweed,was an American politician most notable for being the "Boss" of Tammany Hall,the Democratic Party political machine that played a major role in the politics of the 19th century.He later formed the "Tweed Ring" which openly bought votes,encouraged judicial corruption,extracted millions from city contracts,and dominated New York City politics. Eventually, all the Tweed Rings were tried and sentenced to prison,he served time for forgery,larceny and other charges -
Homestead Act
This act, passed by Congress in 1862, opened up settlement in the western United States, and allowed for a U.S. citizen to claim 160 acres of land for 5 years. An individual was given ownership of the land for free if that person lived on the land for five years and improved the land by building a home and producing crops. This legislation was intended to give Americans incentive to settle on the Western Frontier and aid the continuing territory expansion of the U.S. during the 1900s. -
Morrill Land Grant College Act
It provided grants of land to states to finance the establishment of colleges specializing in "agriculture and the mechanic arts." It was named for its sponsor, Vermont Congressman Justin Smith Morrill. It granted each state 30,000 acres for each of its congressional seats. The funds from the sale of the land were used by some states to establish new schools,other states turned the money over to existing state or private colleges to create schools of agriculture & mechanic arts or "A&M" colleges -
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BECOMING AN INDUSTRIAL POWER
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Promontory Point, Utah
Site in Utah where the railway lines built by the Union Pacific and Central Pacific met in 1869, completing the first transcontinental railroad line and contributing to the integration of the western territories into the rest of the Union and the development of the Great Plains.This made transcontinental railroad travel possible for the first time in U.S. history. No longer would western-bound travelers need to take the long and dangerous journey by wagon train. -
Knights of Labor
The Knights of Labor was an important American labor organization that was established in 1869 led by Uriah S. Stephens,it was originally founded as a secret organization of tailors in Philadelphia.Started as a secret society to protect its members from employer retaliations.The secrecy strongly appealed to its members and increased their belief in its importance.They played an important role in the development of the labor movement in the U.S bringing together workers from different trades. -
Andrew Carnegie
Carnegie was an American industrialist and philanthropist who gained a fortune in the steel industry.He worked in a Pittsburgh cotton factory as a boy before rising to the position of division superintendent of the Pennsylvania Railroad in 1859. While working for the railroad, he invested in various ventures. In a desire to make steel more cheaply and more efficiently, he successfully adopted the Bessemer process at his Homestead Steel Works plant, and became a dominant force in the industry. -
Social Gospel Movement
The Social Gospel movement emerged among Protestant Christians to improve the economic, moral and social conditions of the urban working class. They argued that people must emulate the life of Jesus Christ. To honor God, people must put aside their own earthly desires and help other people, especially the needy. The ideas that originated from the Social Gospel would heavily influence the Progressive Movement. The Social Gospel Movement also attacked the concept of Social Darwinism. -
John Rockefeller
Rockefeller was a founder of the Standard Oil Company & a philanthropist.He had ventured into his own business with partner Maurice Clark.Recognizing the potential of commercial oil business, the partners invested in a refinery at Cleveland,Ohio in 1863.In 1870,he established the Standard Oil Company,& within a decade almost monopolized & controlled 90% of U.S. refineries & pipelines.1911, the U.S. Supreme Court found Standard Oil in violation of Sherman Antitrust Act and ordered it to dissolve. -
Indian Appropriations Acts
This act created the reservation system, it alloted funds to move western tribes onto reservations.Commissioner of Indian Affairs Orlando Brown, suggested that reservations should be a country adapted to agriculture, of limited extent and well-defined boundaries. Native people found themselves severely restricted in their ability to hunt, fish, and gather their traditional foods.For some tribes, the U.S. institutes food rations,introducing wheat flour,grease,& sugar into American Indian diets. -
Farmer’s Alliance
This alliance consisted of white farmers,rural southerners,including teachers,ministers,and physicians.They attempted to solve the mounting financial problems of southern farmers by forming cooperative purchasing and marketing enterprises after the Civil War.They generally supported the government regulation of the transportation industry, establishment of an income tax and the adoption of inflationary relaxation of nation's money supply as means of easing burden of repayment of loans by debtors -
Invention of the Telephone
The telephone was created by Alexander Graham Bell in 1876. Bell and his assistant, Thomas Watson, worked on this telephone experiment for years until on March 10, it was achieved. This not only marked the birth of the telephone, but also the death of multiple telegraphs as well. The invention of the telephone had a great impact towards society and broadened the idea of communication. The whole point of the telephone is to instantly connect with other around the world at great distances. -
Battle of Little Big Horn
Fought in 1876, near Little Big Horn River in the Crow Indian Territory in Montana, pitted federal troops against Lakota Sioux and Cheyenne warriors, led by Chief Sitting Bull. The confusing policy of the U.S. government toward Native Americans, led up to the confrontation. This battle also know as Custer's Last Stand, was an armed engagement between two groups, this battle resulted in the defeat of U.S. forces. This battle was also the most significant action of the Great Sioux War of 1876. -
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THE GILDED AGE
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The Great Uprising
The Great Uprising/The Great Railroad Strike of 187,was a response to the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad cutting wages of workers.There was many Causes:money, greed,& lack of government regulation gave rise to new forms of ruthless corporations & companies headed by 'Robber Barons'. Poor working conditions, safety issues, wage cuts and the economic depression led railroad workers to take violent strike action.This strike was the most violent labor-management confrontation to that point in U.S history -
Chinese Exclusion Act
Passed in 1882,it was the first significant law restricting immigration into the United States,& was signed by President Chester Arthur.This law restricted immigration to the United States and banned the immigration of unskilled laborers from China.It was enacted in response to economic fears, especially on the West Coast.This act effectively halted Chinese immigration for 10 years & prohibited Chinese from becoming U.S. citizens.It affected wages & economic ills,of the despised Chinese workers. -
Haymarket Riot
May 1886, the rally at Haymarket Square was organized by labor radicals to protest the killing and wounding of several workers by the Chicago police during a strike the day before at the McCormick Reaper Works. As the police arrived to disperse the crowd,an individual threw a bomb at them.The police and possibly some members of the crowd opened fire and chaos began. 7 police officers and one civilian died as a result of the violence that day, and an untold number of other people were injured. -
Dawes Severalty Act
Introduced by Henry Dawes, a Senator from Massachusetts, in 1887, it authorized the President of the United States to survey Native American land. It was then given to Natives in the form of reservations and separated them into smaller pieces of land to live in. Those who accepted these allotments / land and live separately from their tribe would be granted United States citizenship. This led to the Native American to live apart from their nations and to assimilate into European culture. -
Buffalo Bill's Wild West Show
This show began as a theatrical stage production and later evolved into open-air shows that depicted cowboys, Native Americans, army scouts, outlaws, and wild animals that existed in the American West. The show introduced many western performers and personalities, and romanticized the American frontier to a wide audience.Show consisted of reenactments of history, it consisted of hunts, racing or rodeo style events. Each show was 3–4 hours long and attracted crowds of thousands of people daily -
Hull house
A hull house was a settlement house opened to recently arrived European immigrants.It was opened by Jane Addams in Chicago in 1889,& named after Charles Jerald Hull.These centers were usually run by educated middle class women.The hull house offered instructions in English,counselling to help immigrants deal with Americans big-city life,childcare services for working mothers,and cultural activities for neighborhood residents.The houses became centers for reform in the women's and labor movements -
Italians
During the 1800s about three million Italian immigrants came to America. They came to find work and make a lot of money, "rags to riches", their intention was to make money here and go back to Italy and buy land. They came here through Ellis Island, and most of them settled in New York, New Jersey, or bordering states. Majority of these immigrants worked in factories, farms, mills, or mines. In their workplaces they had long, bad and difficult working conditions, and also had not enough pay. -
Yellow Journalism
Yellow Journalism exploits, distorts, or exaggerates the news to create sensations and attract readers. This helped increase newspaper sales, and it was one of the many factors that helped push the United States and Spain into war in Cuba and the Philippines, leading to the acquisition of overseas territory by the United States. William Randolph Heard,was an individual who promoted Yellow Journalism and competes against Pulitzer. "You furnish the pictures, I furnish the war" - W.R.H -
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IMPERIALISM
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Sherman Anti-Trust Act
This was the first federal act that outlawed monopolistic business practices. It was named after U.S. Senator John Sherman of Ohio, who was an expert on the regulation of commerce.The act's main provision outlaws all combinations that restrain trade between states or with foreign nations.A second key provision makes illegal all attempts to monopolize any part of trade or commerce in the U.S.Its only effective use was against trade unions, which were held by the courts to be illegal combinations. -
City Beautiful Movement
The City Beautiful Movement, was an American urban-planning movement led by architects, landscape architects, and reformers. This movement claimed that design could not be separated from social issues and should encourage civic pride and engagement. This movement was not only to enhance the city's appearance, but also help the flow of vehicle and pedestrian traffic, the City Beautiful concept focused on incorporating a civic centre, parks, and grand boulevards. -
Depression of 1893
The Depression of 1893 or the Panic of 1893, was a financial crisis that triggered a depression that lasted for four years. It was accompanied by violent strikes, the climax of the Populist and free silver political crusades, the creation of a new political balance, the continuing transformation of the country’s economy,major changes in national policy,and far reaching social and intellectual developments.This crisis led to the national unemployment rate approaching 20% and to the Pullman Strike -
Sears and Roebuck Catalogs
Richard W. Sears partnered up with watchmaker, Alvah C. Roebuck in 1893, and they officially became Sears, Roebuck and Company. Sears and Roebuck quickly expanded the business into a general mail-order catalogs that catered to America’s enormous 19th-century rural population. Sears catalogs gave America’s farm families a lot of options at a lower cost and often included delivery. Rural Americans could now purchase hundreds of different items: shoes, women’s garments, wagons, or fishing tackle. -
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PROGRESSIVE ERA
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Klondike Gold Rush
It was a mass departure of migrants from their hometown to Canadian Yukon Territory & Alaska after gold was discovered there in 1896.The idea of becoming rich,led over 100,000 people to abandon their homes to Yukon territory.However, only less than half of those who went on this journey arrived.Those who did get there,had little chance of finding gold.While this gold rush revitalized economy of the Pacific Northwest, it devastated local environment & had a negative impact on many Yukon Natives. -
Election of 1896
Republican William McKinley and Democrat William Jennings Bryan is considered one of the most complex elections in U.S history. The central issue was the country’s money supply. McKinley, heavily represented, professionals, skilled farmers and factory workers..He argued gold was the only metal on which money should be based, and he promised to maintain America's gold-supported currency system.While Bryan, represented the working man against the rich, and advocated free silver. -
Battle of Manila Bay
The Battle of Manila, also known as the Liberation of Manila, was fought by American, Filipino and Japanese forces, was part of the 1945 Philippine campaign. The one-month battle, which ended in a terrible bloodbath of the city,it was the scene of the worst urban fighting in the Pacific, and ended almost three years of Japanese military occupation in the Philippines (1942-1945). The city's capture was marked as General Douglas MacArthur's key to victory in the campaign of reconquest. -
Battle of San Juan Hill / San Juan Heights
May 1898, America defeated Spain and captured Cuba (and later Puerto Rico) after winning this battle.Roosevelt's Rough Riders and the Army's 9th and 10th Calvary Regiments bravely stormed uphill to victory.The 9th and 10th Calvary units were commanded by John "Black Jack" Pershing. Pershing later commanded all US troops in World War One. He was called "Black Jack" because his 9th and 10th were all black troops (who were also nicknamed "Buffalo Soldiers" by American Indians during the Indian Wars -
Treaty of Paris (1898)
1898 Treaty of Paris was a peace treaty made between Spain & the U.S following the Spanish-American War.American delegation was headed by former Secretary of State William Day & the Spanish delegation was headed by Eugenio Montero. The Treaty of Paris was signed on December of 1898,& came into effect on April of 1899,when ratification's were exchanged. The provisions of the Treaty of Paris were that Spain agreed to remove all soldiers from Cuba, ceded Guam and Puerto Rico to the United States -
Open Door Policy
The Open Door Policy was a policy between China, the U.S and several nations in Europe.The policy proposed to keep China open to trade with all countries on an equal basis. The Open Door policy was the desire of U.S. businesses to trade with Chinese markets. The U.S. announced its Open Door Policy with the dual intentions of avoiding the actual political division of China and taking financial advantage, but only in a fair way, acknowledging equal rights for all nations to trade with China -
Philippine-American War
The Philippine-American War was an armed conflict between the Philippine Republic and the United States. The conflict arose from a Filipino political struggle against the U.S. occupation of the Philippines following the Spanish-American War. It was fought due to Filipino resistance to American control of the Philippine islands. Filipino guerrilla soldiers finally decided to give up, when Emilio Aguinaldo, their military leader was finally captured by American forces on March 23, 1901. -
Boxer Rebellion
A Chinese secret organization led an uprising in northern China against the spread of Western & Japanese influence there.Boxers performed physical exercises they believed would make them able to withstand bullets, they killed foreigners & Chinese Christians & destroyed foreign property.Boxers surrounded Beijing until American troops subdued the uprising.By the terms of the Boxer Protocol, which officially ended the rebellion in 1901,China agreed to pay more than $330 million in reparations. -
Big Stick Policy
The Big Stick Policy was a proverbial symbol of Teddy Roosevelt's belief that presidents should engage diplomacy by also maintaining strong military readiness to back up their policy. The "Big Stick" symbolizes his power and readiness to use military force if necessary. It is a way of intimidating countries without actually harming them and was the basis of U.S. imperialistic foreign policy. It eluded to his philosophy that a nation should speak softly, but carry a big stick. -
Square Deal
The "Square Deal" was President Theodore Roosevelt's plan for reform, it was a domestic policy adopted by Roosevelt He pledged not to favor any group of Americans and for all of them to be entitled to an equal opportunity to succeed. Theodore Roosevelt supported progressive and aggressive political reforms, including the heavy regulation of business. This policy encompassed the three C's: Control of Corporations, Consumer Protection, and Conservation of Natural Resources. -
Roosevelt's Corollary
Following Venezuela Crisis,President Roosevelt issued the “Roosevelt Corollary” to the Monroe Doctrine in his address to Congress June of 1904.The Venezuela Crisis was a naval blockade imposed against Venezuela by Britain Germany & Italy due to Venezuela's inability to pay its debts.Roosevelt's Corollary asserted the right of the United States to intervene to "stabilize" the economic affairs of small states in Central America and the Caribbean if they were unable to pay their international debts -
Upton Sinclair
Upton Sinclair,wrote "The Jungle" in 1906,to portray the harsh conditions & exploited lives of immigrants in the United States in Chicago and similar industrialized cities. His primary purpose by describing the meat industry and its working conditions was in order to advance socialism in the U.S.This book lead to readers to instead be concerned with the exposure of health violations & unsanitary practices in the American meatpacking industry.This led to reforms including the Meat Inspection Act -
Gentleman's Agreement
It was between the U.S and Japan, it represented an effort by President Roosevelt to calm growing tensions between the two countries over the immigration, but as the number of Japanese workers in California increases, they were met with growing hostility. Japan was prepared to limit immigration to the United States, but was deeply wounded by San Francisco’s discriminatory law, directed Japans people. The goal was to reduce tensions between the two powerful Pacific nations. -
W.E.B DuBois
W.E.B DuBois was a black intellectual,scholar, activist, and political thinker. He was also the best known spokesperson for African American rights during the first half of the 20th century. He also co-founded the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People or the (NAACP) in 1909, to advance justice for African Americans. He believed in immediate civil rights and for African Americans to become intellectuals and eventually become people white people could look up to. -
Mexican Revolution
The Mexican Revolution was brought on by,tremendous disagreement among the Mexican people over the dictatorship of President Porfirio Díaz, who stayed in office for thirty one years.People had no power to express their opinions or select public officials.This Revolution ended dictatorship of Porfirio Diaz, and established a constitutional republic.Groups,led by ing Francisco Madero, Pascual Orozco, Pancho Villa and Emiliano Zapata, participated in the long and costly conflict. -
Election of 1912
The presidential election featured four candidates, Taft, Debs, Roosevelt, and Wilson. President Theodore Roosevelt sought the Republican nomination at the convention in Chicago. He was infuriated by what he took to be betrayal of his progressive program by his personally chosen successor, William Howard Taft. The delegates chose Taft and James Sherman as his running mate. Roosevelt and his supporters bolted, then later formed the Progressive Party also known as the "Bull Moose Party". -
17th Amendment
The 17th Amendment allowed voters not state legislators, to appoint senators to Congress.The 17th Amendment came about during the Progressive Era. During this time in American history, reformers were pushing to clean up health standards, improve moral standards, elevate American education and fight corruption in state and local governments. Thus, this amendment was proposed by senator Brisow of Kansas, because of an investigation of corruption and bribery involving Illinois Senator Lorimer. -
Assembly Line Process
The Assembly Line was adapted in 1913,by Henry Ford,when he installed the first moving assembly line at his factory in MI. Ford Model T was produced on an assembly line with completely interchangeable parts.It was a manufacturing process where machines,equipment,& workers were positioned in logical order so that work passed from one operation to the next,in a direct line,until the final product,the Model T automobile,was assembled.This assembly line process reduced the production of the Model T -
Woodrow Wilson
During Woodrow's presidency, he created The Federal Reserve Act, it was a law passed during the Progressive Movement, it was designed to safeguard the U.S economy. It was established December of 1913, and signed by President Woodrow after years of discussion and debate over the development of a central bank.This act created the federal reserve system, the central banking system of the United States.It provides the nation with a safer, more flexible, and more stable monetary and financial system. -
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WORLD WAR I
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Archduke Franz Ferdinand
June of 1914, Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria and his wife Sophie were shot to death by Bosnian Serb nationalist during an official visit to the Bosnian capital of Sarajevo. When Archduke traveled to Sarajevo, a group of young nationalists hatched a plot to kill him during his visit there. The killings sparked a chain of events that led to the start of WWI in August,soon after he was shot,Austria-Hungary blamed the Serbian gov. for the attack.July 28, Austria-Hungary went to war with Serbia -
Schlieffen Plan
The Schlieffen plan was a plan used by the Germans to take over France and Belgium. It planned by and named after Field Marshal Count Alfred Schlieffen, who was chief of the Imperial German General Staff. During his last years of chief, he developed a plan to ensure Germany could fight and win a major war in Europe. However, it backfired once it was changed by Moltke’s, which included a reduction in the size of the attacking army, were blamed for Germany’s failure to win a quick victory. -
Great Migration
The Great Migration was a relocation of more than 6 million African Americans from the rural South to the cities of the North, Midwest and West from 1916 to 1970. They were driven from their homes by unsatisfactory economic opportunities and harsh segregation laws, many blacks headed north, where they took advantage of the need for industrial workers that first arose during the First World War. During the Great Migration, African Americans began to build new place for themselves in public life. -
Sussex Pledge
It was made in response to US demands to alter German policy of unrestricted submarine warfare and stop indiscriminate sinking of non-military ships during WWI. The Pledge,was a promise given by the German Gov,to the neutral U.S,not to sink any more passenger ships & that Merchant ships wouldn't be sunk until presence of weapons had been established and provisions made for safety of passengers/crew.However German U-Boats and unrestricted submarine warfare,began attacking American ships in 1917. -
National Park System
Thee National Park System or the Organic Act of 1916, was signed into law on August of 1916, by President Wilson. This was the result of years of discussion and public concern. It established the N.P.S as an agency under the direction of the Secretary of the Interior with the purpose of promoting use of national park lands while protecting them from impairment. This act declared parks were to be used for two purposes, to conserve park resources and provide for their use and enjoyment. -
Margaret Sanger
Margaret Sanger was a nurse and birth control advocate, who believed children made women improvised, and she fought for women's rights her entire life. She opens the very first birth control clinic in the 1920s, and founded the American Birth Control League- now known as Planned Parenthood. She also educated women in the dangers of illegal abortion and contraceptives. Margaret Sanger, and two other women, were later arrested, when police entered the New York birth control clinic she started. -
Espionage Act
The Espionage Act was designed to crush subversion and silence critics of the war. For those convicted of aiding the enemy, obstructing military recruitment, protesting conscription, or saying or doing anything to impede the war effort, where fined and put in prison for 20 yrs. Those Americans that were drafted but refused to fight also faced prosecution under the Espionage Act. It also empowered U.S. postmaster General to stop the dissemination and mailing of any publication he didn't like. -
14 Points
The Fourteen Points speech was a statement given to Congress by President Woodrow Wilson declaring that WWI was being fought for a moral cause and calling for peace in Europe.It was also created to encourage democracy in the world.It became the basis for a peace program, suggesting that a League of Nations should be established to guarantee the political and territorial independence of countries.14 Points essentially established the conditions for the Armistice that brought an end to World War I -
Sedition Act
Sedition Act made it a crime against saying bad things about government like, write, print, utter or publish any false, scandalous and malicious writing' against the Federal government, including the Congress and the president. Individuals could be tried under this law if they had the intent to either defame the government or incite hatred among the people against the government. Wilson & Congress pass it to make people "shut up" about the gov. This act violated the first amendment. -
Argonne Forest
The Argonne Forest was the greatest American battle of the First World War, taking place in France. It took place, because of French and American armies saw an opportunity to end WWI by ordering massive attacks on Germany forces, along the western front. Over 600,000 American troops were ordered by American General Pershing. Early out in the war, Americans had heavy losses, but by November, Americans defeated the German army and opened a hole in the German lines. -
First Red Scare
During the First Red Scare, many in people in the United States, feared recent immigrants specifically those who embraced communist, socialist, or an anarchy ideology that they were planning to start a workers revolution. This was caused by the Russian Revolution of 1917 and the impact World War One had on America. This Scare led to the creation of the Immigrant Act of 1924, a lot of Anarchists, communists, and innocent people were deported. -
18th Amendment
In the late 1800s,prohibition movements emerged across the U.S,driven by religious groups who considered alcohol a threat to nation.Movement reached its apex in 1920 when Congress ratified the 18th Amendment,prohibiting manufacture,transportation & sale of liquor.This proved difficult to enforce & failed to have the intended effect of eliminating crime & other social problems,instead,it led to a rise in organized crime,as the bootlegging of alcohol became an ever more lucrative operation -
Treaty of Versailles
Treaty of Versailles officially ended World War I, and ended the state of war between Germany and the Allied Powers. One of the most important provisions and most controversial requirements was for Germany to accept responsibility for the war, causing all the loss and damage. The treaty forced Germany to disarm, make substantial territorial concessions, and pay reparations to certain countries that had formed the Entente powers.Allied sides criticized the treaty for treating Germany too lenient -
Volstead Act
Was enacted by Congress to enforce the 18th amendment on Prohibition. The Volstead Act defined "intoxicating liquors" and provided penalties for abuse of the law. Andrew J. Volstead, the Representative from Minnesota, sponsored the bill and lent his name to the act. increase of the illegal production and sale of liquor (“bootlegging”), the speakeasies (illegal drinking spots) and the rise in gang violence & other crimes led to support for Prohibition by the end of 1920s -
The Lost Generation
Was a group of American writers who came of age during World War I and establish literary reputations in the 1920s. The term "Lost" meant in the sense that its inherited values were no longer relevant in the postwar world. The term embraces Ernest Hemingway, F. Scott Fitzgerald, John Dos Passos, E.E. Cummings, Archibald MacLeish, Hart Crane, and many other writers who made Paris the centre of their literary activities in the 1920s. Gertrude Stein is credited for the term Lost Generation. -
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1920s
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19th Amendment
This Amendment of the U.S.Constitution granted American women the right to vote,a right known as women’s suffrage, and was ratified on August of 1920.1848,the movement for women’s rights launched with the Seneca Falls Convention organized by Elizabeth Cady & Lucretia Mott.After the convention,demand for the vote became a centerpiece of the women’s rights movement.Stanton & Mott,along with Susan B Anthony & other activists,raised public awareness & lobbied the gov. to grant voting rights to women -
Warren Harding
Was 29th United States President and was the president after Woodrow Wilson. He rejected the League of Nations and believed in limiting foreign policy. He wanted world powers to disarm and American meditation paramount. He favored business policies and limited immigration. There was many international disputes during his time,like the teapot dome scandal that came to light after his death, damaging his reputation. His presidency was also overshadowed by criminal activities by his cabinet members -
Teapot Dome Scandal
This scandal shocked Americans by revealing a high level of greed and corruption in the federal government. The scandal involved oil tycoons, poker-playing politicians, illegal liquor sales, a murder-suicide, a womanizing president and a huge amount of bribery cash delivered on the sly. In the end, the scandal would empower the Senate to conduct huge investigations into government corruption. It also marked the first time a U.S. official served jail time for a felony committed while in office. -
American Indian Citizenship Act
The government of the United States confer citizenship on all Native Americans born within the territorial limits of the country. While the 14th Amendment defined as citizens any person born in the U.S., the amendment had been interpreted to restrict the citizenship rights of most Native people. The act was signed into law by President Calvin Coolidge on June 3, 1924. It was enacted partially in recognition of the thousands of Indians who served in the armed forces during World War -
Hitler
Adolf Hitler was a natural orator and charismatic. He takes leadership of the Nationalist Socialist Party (NAZI), and he also attempts to coup of the Weimar Republic. He was later arrested for treason, where he spent 9 months in jail. He also wrote a book, "Mein Kampf" or "My Struggle", where he blamed all the problems on the Jewis, and he also talked about how he wants territory in Eastern Europe. When the U.S goes into depression, the Nazi membership soars, and Hitler will become Chancellor. -
Scopes Monkey Trial
The "Monkey Trial" begins with John Thomas Scopes, a young high school science teacher, accused of teaching evolution in violation of a Tennessee state law.The trial featured two of the best-known orators of the era, William Jennings Bryan and Clarence Darrow,as opposing attorneys.Trial was viewed as an opportunity to challenge the constitutionality of the bill, to publicly advocate for the legitimacy of Darwin’s theory of evolution,& to enhance the profile of the American Civil Liberties Union. -
Charles Lindbergh
Charles Augustus Lindbergh, was an American aviator, who was made famous by making the first solo nonstop flight across the Atlantic Ocean on May of 1927. He called his airplane the "Spirit of St. Louis" and his courageous feat helped make Missouri a leader in the developing world of aviation. Five years after his nonstop flight, his son was kidnapped and murdered. Charles was an outspoken isolationist, who opposed the fight against the Nazi's, he was later accused of being a Nazi sympathizer. -
Jazz
Jazz dominated American music (late 19th and early 20th centuries), which evolved from the Harlem Renaissance. There were many famous jazz city music publishers and singers, such as Louis Armstrong and Duke Ellington. Places such as jazz venues allowed for white people and black people to attend. Later on, white jazz bands form. This became known as the Jazz age. Although many people enjoyed jazz music, many other saw/thought jazz incited lewd behavior among teens and groups of people. -
Herbert Hoover
Herbert Hoover was the 31st president of the United States, and was president in 1928, after Calvin Coolidge. He was orphaned at age nine, and was raised primarily by an uncle in Oregon. He was also a humanitarian, an introvert, and a poor public speaker. The beginning of his presidency was good, but then everything falls apart, due to him failing to recognize the severity of the depression among the people. In his presidency there was little gov. intervention,& also some business cooperation. -
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THE GREAT DEPRESSION
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Valentine's Day Massacre
Gang warfare ruled streets of Chicago the late 1920s,Al Capone wanted control by eliminating rivals in illegal trades of bootlegging, gambling & prostitution.Gang violence reached its height in on February of 1929, when 7 men associated with the Irish gangster George “Bugs” Moran, one of Capone’s enemies, were shot to death by several men dressed as policemen.St. Valentine’s Day Massacre was never officially linked to Capone, but he was considered to have been responsible for the murders -
Father Charles Coughlin
Father Charles Coughlin, was an Irish Catholic priest, who had a radio broadcast with about 30 - 40 million listeners a week, he was oe of the first political leaders to use a radio broadcast to reach a massive audience. In this radio broadcast, he attempted to sway popular opinion away from Franklin D. Roosevelt and his New Deal Policies, and he punished F.D.R further left. He also blamed Wall Street and international bankers for the Great Depression, and was against the Gold Standard. -
The Dust Bowl
The Dust Bowl occurred after, topsoil was blown away by drought and poor farming, and the southern plains got the worst hit. The dust blanketed major cities,which led to people to barricade themselves in their homes.Millions of cattle die from suffocation due to dust.There was hardly any agriculture after dust bowl and the government decided to intervene.They paid farmers to plant, and replenish the soil.As a result about two hundred and twenty millions of trees were planted from Texas to Canada -
Hoover's Response
After over 10 years of crisis (the longest in American history), Hoover responds to try and fix the depression by having the government lend money to organizations to try and fix it. They established the Smoot Hawley Tariff Act of 1929, which raised import taxes, it was meant to increase American trade but destroyed businesses relying on imports as well as leading to retaliatory taxes on American goods from other countries. In 1932, he signed into law multiple acts designed to boost the economy. -
The New Deal
The New Deal were reforms to fight the Depression. They lasted from 1933 - 1938. He surrounded himself with smart people, who are called "The Brain Trust". Dozens of new agencies are created.It was a series of programs & policies of Relief,Recovery & Reform to combat effects of the Great Depression during Roosevelt's presidency.This deal fell into two stages relating to the dates the programs were initiated. The First New Deal encompassed national planning laws and programs for the impoverished. -
Glass Steagall Act
The Glass Steagall Act was a law that was passed in 1933 in an attempt to reform the American banking sector, in response to the Great Depression and Black Tuesday. It established the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC). It allowed for government to insure small accounts and separated investments from commercial banking.Were no speculative loans,there was also reformed buying and selling of stocks,& there were stock purchases with deposited money. Securities Exchange Commission created. -
20th Amendment
The Twentieth Amendment changed the term dates for President and Congress. Presidential inaugurations was changed to January instead of it being in March.President Franklin Roosevelt was the first president to be inaugurated or start a term in January.The cause or reason for this amendment to the Constitution was to due to the economic disaster of the Great Depression when voters clearly chose the New Deal policies of Franklin Roosevelt over the ineffective policies of President Herbert Hoover -
The Holocaust
The Holocaust, allies liberate concentration camps. Victims of the holocaust included, Jews, Poles, Slaves, Gypsies, Homosexuals and POWs. Germans were forced to view dead victims & forced to bury the millions of dead. About 6 million Jewish people were killed, and many of those who did survive, resettle in Israel or in the U.S. Denazification was used during this time, it was an initiative to rid German and Austrian society, culture and politics of any remnants of National Socialist ideology. -
First 100 days
Franklin D. Roosevelt devotes time getting legislation passed, it was a commitment to alleviate depression. In the first One Hundred Days of Franklin D. Roosevelt's presidency many new laws were passed including the Emergency Banking Relief Act, the Glass-Steagall Act, Agricultural Adjustment Act and the Securities Act of 1933. The bills enabled new relief programs and 'alphabet soup agencies' to be established. Now, modern presidents use the first 100 days to measure their presidency. -
21st Amendment
The 21st Amendment, repealed the 18th Amendment, which meant that alcohol was legal again. This was the first and only amendment that specifically eliminated another amendment to the constitution. Although many areas did not immediately allow for alcohol consumption, others readily allowed it. Dry laws are a holdover from the time the 21st amendment overturned prohibition, but allowed states to set their own laws for liquor licensing and alcohol consumption. -
Wagner Act
The Wagner Act was a government protection for Unions. It was passed by Congress, and signed into law by President FDR. New York Senator, Wagner introduced the legislation,& was named after him. It was part of FDR's New Deal programs and guaranteed workers the right to organize Unions and to bargain collectively. The National Labor Relations Board was set up under the National Labor Relations Act to enforce the act and guarantee workers' rights to organize and to prevent unfair labor practices -
Neutrality Acts
The Neutrality Acts restricted arm sales, loans and other goods to warring nations.It was passed by Congress in August 1935 and imposed a ban on shipments of weapons and war materiel to belligerent countries and discouraged travel by American citizens on the ships of belligerents by specifying that they did so at their own risk.Under these acts, Cash and Carry was established, it allowed warring nations to buy goods, and to also transport them, but they only were able to pay with cash. -
Battle of the Atlantic
The Battle of the Atlantic of 1939, was the most longest and most complicated complex naval battle in history. The Allies' main objectives were to blockade the Axis powers to secure their own shipping routes, and to wage war overseas without any impediment. In this battle, Germans sank over one hundred ships a month. The Germans used a radar to improve their surveillance. The Enigma machine was also an invention used against the Germans as a way of deciphering German signals. -
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WORLD WAR II
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Winston Churchill
He was the Prime Minister during WWII.He led Britain's fight against Nazi Germany in WWII.He was a talented orator, giving many speeches to boost national morale during the war. A close friend of presidents Franklin D. Roosevelt and Harry S. Truman, Churchill hoped to join the Americans in building a postwar order that limited Soviet leader Joseph Stalin's ability to dominate European affairs. He also met with FDR, to plan attacks on all war fronts to invade Italy to better aid the Soviet Union -
Joseph Stalin
Joseph Stalin and Adolf Hitler, made an agreement, named the "German-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact". Under Stalin, the Soviet Union was transformed from a peasant society into an industrial and military superpower. However, he ruled by terror, and millions of his own citizens died during his brutal reign. Stalin aligned with the U.S and Britain in WWII, and demanded immediate assistance of Allied nations. His forced industrialization of the Soviet Union caused the worst man-made famine in history. -
Pearl Harbor
On December 7, 1941, there was a surprise on Pearl Harbor. Eight battle ships were damages, and a large amount of planes and supplies were destroyed. In the end, the Japanese failed to cripple American fleet, due to the Aircraft carrier not being there or the battleships not being there either. The Japanese also attack United States and Britain Territories in South East Asia. On the next day, President Roosevelt declares war on Japan. German forces and Italian forces also declare war on the U.S. -
Battle of Stalingrad
The Battle of Stalingrad (began on July of 1942 through 1943) was the successful Soviet defense of the city of Stalingrad in the U.S.S.R. during World War II. Russians consider it to be the greatest battle of their Great Patriotic War. It stopped the German advance into the Soviet Union and marked the turning of the tide of war in favor of the Allies. The Battle of Stalingrad was one of the bloodiest battles in history, with combined military and civilian casualties of nearly two million people. -
Battle of the Bulge
December of 1944, Nazis make a last major offensive. The Nazis will also try to break American lines, allies will then stop Nazi advance into American lines. Germany will use boys and old men as part of their army. It was a German offensive intended to drive a wedge between the American and British armies in France and the Low Countries and recapture the port of Antwerp in The Netherlands to deny the Allies use of the port facilities.Battle of the Bulge was the last major Nazi offensive in WWII -
Yalta Conference
In the Yalta Conference, F.D.R, Churchill and Stalin met in Crimea where they talked about post - war Germany, the defeat of Japan, and the lasting peace after the war. In this conference Stalin and FDR make an agreement where the Soviet Union will attack Japan, gain territory from Japan, China, and Poland, and Stalin promised free elections. The United Nations was headquartered in NYC and the U.S, Soviets, France, Great Britain and China were made permanent security council members. -
Mustard Gas
Mustard Gas was invented by 2 German Scientists who wanted to create a poisonous weapon that will harm & kill a soldier. It was the most feared of all weapons in WWI, and since soldiers rarely ventured into the area between the two trenches, or "No Man's Land',because of fear of being gunned down, they threw this gas there even when no attack was going on. This gas cleared large sections of soldiers from the front lines, it burned the throats of victims, and caused death by asphyxiation.
