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Scientific Revolution (1550-1700)
Isaac Newton: Philosophiae naturalis principia mathematica (1687) Isaac Newton's "Principia" (1687) was a major breakthrough in the history of science . By stating new laws of motion and gravitation, "principia" also changed the course of Europe's development: making an Industrial Revolution possible. -
Industrial Revolution (1760-1840)
The Boulton and Watt Engine"Old Bless" (1777) is the oldest surviving steam engine built by James Watt, now residing at the Power Gallery of the Science Museum of London. The steam engine was a revolutionary breakthrough that largerly contributed to the industrialization of Europe. -
The French Revolution (1789-1799)
Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen
"The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen "(1789), product of the French Revolution, was a tremendous breakthrough in the history of Human Rights and became a model for other nations in Europe. For the first time, Men were declared equal and protected by law -
1848 Revolutions
Frankfurt declaration of the Rights of the German people (1848) Proclaimed the first constitution in Germany and equal rights for citizens. The constitution failed, but it still had an important impact on the further development of Europe. It symbolized the beginning of strong nationalist and unification movements in Europe (1848-1871) -
Second Industrial Revolution (1840-1918)
Henry Bessemer and the Bessemer Process (1856)
The Bessemer Process, enabling the mass-production of steel, triggered the second wave of Industrialization in Europe. It led to the construction of railroads, heavy machinery, economies of scale and economic development. In his autobriography, Bessemer explains how he came about the idea of the process. -
Russian Revolution
The Abdication Decree of Tsar Nicholas II (1917)The February Revolution, or "Petrograd Revolution" played an important role in the course of developments in Europe. It led to the abdication of Nicholas II and end of Romanov Dynasty and Russian Empire. This also meant a new beginning for Russia and the future "Soviet Union".
