-
-
His most famous contribution is the theory of Forms understood by pure reason, also known as Platonism, which provides a solution to the problem of universals and is ambiguously referred to as either Platonic realism or Platonic idealism.
-
-
He founded the field of formal logic, made groundbreaking contributions to all areas of philosophy and science, and identified the connections between the numerous scientific disciplines. In addition to being a philosopher, Aristotle was a teacher who established the Lyceum in Athens.
-
-
The empiricist philosophy of Hume held that "causes and effects are discoverable not by reason, but by experience." He continues by asserting that despite having a historical viewpoint, humanity cannot control the course of the future.
-
Utilitarianism is a theory of morality that advocates actions that foster happiness or pleasure and oppose actions that cause unhappiness or harm. When directed toward making social, economic, or political decisions, a utilitarian philosophy would aim for the betterment of society as a whole.
-
positivism, in Western philosophy, generally, any system that confines itself to the data of experience and excludes a priori or metaphysical speculations. More narrowly, the term designates the thought of the French philosopher Auguste Comte (1798–1857). -
Utilitarianism is a tradition of ethical philosophy that is associated with Jeremy Bentham (1747-1832) and John Stuart Mill (1806-1873), two late 18th- and 19th-century British philosophers, economists, and political thinkers. Utilitarianism holds that an action is right if it tends to promote happiness and wrong if it tends to produce sadness, or the reverse of happiness—not just the happiness of the actor but that of everyone affected by it. -
-
His major points focused on the shortcomings of capitalism. Marx had the view that capitalism will ultimately collapse.
The alienated, exploited workers would topple the owners and seize control of the means of production themselves, establishing a classless society. -
Moral positivism is the theory that claims there is no natural law, and therefore no such thing as “natural right.” All human rights, it holds, are derived from the state, from contracts, from each person's freedom, or from custom. In other words, it rejects Thomas Jefferson’s claim in the second paragraph of the Declaration of Independence: