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1920's African American Identity
The Great Migration where hundreds of thousands of African Americans relocated to cities like L.A, Detroit, Chicago, Philadelphia, N.Y.) ((Harlem in Manhattan was the larges concentration of blacks in the world)) -
1920's African American Identity
Harlem Renaissance extending to the 20s (writers, artists, authors, performers, actors etc.), the Harlem Renaissance was the name for a new cultural uprising of African Americans in which they sought to define their place in American society and establish themselves as a group of citizens and people. -
1920's politics
Passage of 18th amendments prohibits distribution, sale, and manufacture of alcohol-did not take effect until (01/17/1920) -
1920 Economy
U.S produced nearly half of the world's export. (WWI destroyed most of Europe) and New construction costs in Europe etc, as well as the Airline and Auto industry was born in the U.S. -
1920 Economy
U.S transformed from traditional to free market economy. Farmers decreased from 18-12.4%, taxes rose per acre 40% and farming income fell 21%. 1929 average annual income was $273 for farmers ($750 per person) new inventions sent manufacturing goods soaring. -
1920's Culture
Cultural Civil War within the U.S between city dwellers, small town residents, protestants (anti-Catholics), Catholics, Blacks and Whites. New Women evolving with voting rights and prominence in consumer economics and white collar professions, as well as the emergence of Flappers (past the old culture of moral decency in women's clothing), as well as advocates for old fashion "family values" and Immigrants. -
1920's Literature
American Renaissance is the 2nd Literary renaissance to take place in American history. Impressionism, Dadaism, expressionism, symbolism and surrealism emerge as well as Modernism and the "Lost Generation" young writers emerge. -
1920's Literature
Lost Generation was a group of Americans who resided in Paris as expiates, lived in semi poverty and returned to nature land with intense awareness of an unfamiliar-unchanged world (Hemingway, Pound, Fitzgerald) -
1920's Literature
Imagism- Literature post WWI changed in strong reaction against Victorian poetry, (Imagism) new movement that started by Ezra Pound to make poetry to produce emotion through the use of images with their words, not to simply describe how the reader should feel or see. Usually in the form of free verse without rhythm and relatively short. (movement did not last very long.) -
1920's Literature
Harlem Renaissance brought about the emergence of black poets, play writes and novelists. (Langston Hughes) and thus an upsurge of African American literature. -
Religion
Modernism- Modernists took a view at changing times and believed that they could fit in Darwin’s evolution theory without any conflict of their faith. -
Religion
Fundamentalism- Protestant preachers condemned modernists and taught that every word in the Bible must be taught. Fundamentalists blamed modernist liberal views as the reason for decline in morals. -
1920's Culture
Harlem Renaissance was an African American culture movement that involved artistic and intellectual themes. The introduction of Jazz flooded the music market of the time. -
1920's Culture
Movies and Leisure become a large part of American life where 3/4th of American's visit theaters every week with their new disposable income especially from increased wages in upper class as well as women's new income. (1920-1930) -
1920's Culture
Prohibition stirs the opening of speakeasies which sold alcohol against the law and unlike normal bars were run by bootleggers, racketeers, as well as organized crime figures (Al Capone) and an increase in risk of the consumer for tainted beverages, illness and death. -
1920's African American Identity
The Jazz age enters the scene where the music becomes an important piece in American society, form of music combined African rhythms, blues, ragtime to produce Jazz. Spread from N. Orleans to night clubs om various places, Particularly the Cotton club in Harlem. -
Prohibition
Defying the Law- In some cities it became fashionable to go against the law and drink alcohol, causing police to be paid to look the other way, as well as government officials to serve alcohol to guests. Bootlegging was also something prevalent during this time through gangs or private suppliers. -
1920's politics
Passage of 19th amendment secures right to vote for women. -
Immigration
Immigration- After the war ended over a million foreigners immigrated to America between 1919 and 1921. Many feared of job competition, isolationists wanted minimal interaction with Europeans, and were worried about revolutions. -
Immigration
Quota Laws- These sets of laws limited the amount of immigration based on nationality. Mostly southern and eastern Europeans and Japanese immigrants were barred from immigrating. -
1920's Economy
Average income rose from $6,460-$8,016, although it was not distributed equally among workers. by 1922 1% of populous received 13.4% of their total income and 1919 only 14.5% -
1920s politics
Teapot Dome Scandal (1921-1923) where Harding and Albert Bacon Fall leased Navy Petroleum reserves to private oil companies at low rates without competitive bidding; Fall was found guilty of accepting bribes and became the 1st member of the cabinet to go to prison. -
1920's African American Identity
Cotton club in Harlem in which Duke Ellington, Louis Armstrong, and Bessie Smith performed. (black artists performed for white-only audience.) -
1920s Politics
Election of 1924 where republican candidate Coolidge was elected over protestant, dry, McAdoo, and Urban Immigrant, wet, Smith. Democratic convention agreed on Davis, complicated by Lafollette's progressive party (farm group + union) (AFL-American Federation of Labor) Davis was strong in south, Lafollette won Wisconsin and Coolidge won electoral AND popular vote. -
1920's Culture
National Origins Act which was a restricted immigration law, quotas excluded Eastern Europeans, Asians, and favored North Europeans and British. Out of the Red Scare Nativists and Anti-Immigrant hysteria. -
1920's Literature
Books began to reflect the time period with lavish parties, (Great Gatsby ((1926)) ) as well as the theme of moral degeneracy, corruption, and decadence. -
1920's African American Identity
Alain Locke "The New Negro" is the 1st literature to enter the public that defines this cultural revolution ((pinpointed Harlem as the go-to place to see it take place) and highlights the purpose for this new improved African American cultural revival and stance. (where it was going, what the purpose was) -
1920's Politics
1928 Herbert Hoover wins by landslide based on Countries prosperity under republican leadership. Democratic platform supported prohibition, however Smith (the candidate) favored the repeal of the 18th amendment, to which the protestants (anti-Catholics) urged people to vote against catholic, Al Smith, and vote their faith-costing Smith various southern states. -
1920's Economy
Stock market crashes 1929 due to innovation of market and the risk of stock: (buy low after lends from brokers and when increased became rich) The number of shares traded doubled to 5 million per day, while marker increased by 20% a year, Stock Markets began to allow consumers to buy on margin. Brokers lend 80-90% of the price of stock as investors only contribute 10-20$ of cost. -
Stock Market Crash
Causes of the Great Depression- Not only the stock market crash was responsible for the Great Depression. Uneven distribution of income, stock market speculation, excessive use of credit, overproduction of consumer goods, weak farm economy, government policies, and global economic problems all contributed to the Great Depression. -
Stock Market Crash
The Crash- After an economic boom throughout the 1920’s, the stock market crash caused the longest economic depression the country has ever had, causing more business failures and unemployment and affecting more people from all classes. -
1920's Economy
Banking 1/3 of 24,000 banks belonged to Federal Reserve System-non-members relied on each other to hold reserves. Banks doubled counted reserves before they were cleared, and held fictitious reserves of $. Vulnerable to bank runs in 1930s and depositors lost faith in the bank system due to runs, causing them to massively withdraw their money contributing to crash of market. -
Herbert Hoovers Policies
Hawley-Smoot Tariff- President Hoover enacted the Hawley-Smoot tariff to protect US markets from foreign competition by increasing taxes on foreign goods to almost 50%. Foreign countries therefore in retaliation increased taxes on US products, causing both countries to sink further into depression. -
Dust Bowl
Dust Bowl- Severe drought in the 1930’s mixed with poor farming practices caused the topsoil to become dust and put thousands of farmers out of work. -
Dust Bowl
“Okies”- Thousands of farmers from Oklahoma went in search of rarely found farms or factory work in California. -
Herbert Hoover Policies
Debt Moratorium- The president suggested the suspension of collecting international debts. While Germany and Britain accepted this proposal, France rejected it and there was a scramble to meet demands. -
New Deal Programs
The Three R’s- FDR pledged a New Deal to the American people serving the “three R’s.” Relief for the unemployed, Recovery for business and the economy, and Reform in American economic institutions. -
New Deal Programs
Brain Trust- FDR turned to a group of university professors for help with economic troubles -
New Deal Programs
Administrative positions- FDR’s administrative cabinet was the most diverse in US history, with African Americans, women, Catholics, and Jews. -
Prohibition
Twenty-first Amendment- With the growing resentment of the public and clear growth of criminal activity due to Prohibition, the 21st amendment was passed, repealing prohibition. -
New Deal Programs
The First Hundred Days- After being sworn in FDR held a hundred day long session in Congress, passing into law his every request. Some of the laws and agencies put into place were the NRA, WPA, CCC, and AAA. -
New Deal Programs
Repeal of Prohibition- Keeping to his campaign promise, FDR worked to repeal Prohibition, while also bringing in much needed tax money from the sale of alcohol. -
New Deal Programs
Fireside Chats- FDR held a series of “fireside chats” on the radio to the American people. The first of which reassuring the American people and explaining the closing of the banks on the bank holiday. -
New Deal Programs
Financial Recovery Programs- The Emergency Banking Relief Act, The Federal Insurance Deposit Corporation, The Home Owners Loan Corporation, and The Farm Credit Administration were all programs part of the financial aspect to the New Deal. -
New Deal Programs
Programs for Relief of the Unemployed- The Federal Emergency Relief Administration, The Public Works Administration, The Civilian Conservation Corps, and the Tennessee Valley Authority were all programs related to unemployment and public works, giving many a source of jobs. -
New Deal Programs
Industrial Recovery Programs- The NRA was created to try to help solve both immediate relief and long-term problems. Essentially taking over for the suspended antitrust laws, the NRA would be able to help with codes for wages, work hours, production levels, and pricing. This program was however deemed unconstitutional after 2 years of limited success. -
New Deal Programs
Civil Works Administration- This was a program which hired laborers temporarily for construction jobs sponsored by the government. -
New Deal Programs
The Federal Housing Administration- Building new houses and repairing old ones caused for a boost in construction and jobs as well as homeowners. -
New Deal Programs
Farm Production Control Program- The Agricultural Adjustment Administration, similar in concept to the NRA, suggested that farmers should produce less and charge more, as well as pay government subsidies for every acre. Another thing the AAA had similar with the NRA is that it too was deemed unconstitutional. -
New Deal Programs
Bank Holiday- To provide the government time to reorganize the banks that had not failed during the depression, FDR established a bank holiday in which banks would be closed temporarily.
