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Scientific Management
A system by Frederick Winslow Taylor to improve efficiency in industry. -
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Australian/Secret Ballot; Direct Primaries, Initiative, Referendum, Recall
Progressive reforms to make elections more democratic. -
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Muckrakers
Journalists exposing corruption and social injustices. -
Atlanta Compromise
Speech by Booker T. Washington promoting racial accommodation and economic self-reliance for Black Americans. -
Annexation of Hawaii
The U.S. officially took over Hawaii, expanding its Pacific influence. -
Spanish-American War
A war between the U.S. and Spain, leading to U.S. control over territories like Puerto Rico and the Philippines. -
Open Door Policy
U.S. policy ensuring equal trading rights in China. -
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Philippine-American War
A war between Filipino nationalists and the U.S. following the Spanish-American War. -
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Square Deal
Theodore Roosevelt’s domestic policy focused on consumer protection, control of corporations, and conservation. -
Roosevelt Corollary
Expansion of the Monroe Doctrine, allowing U.S. intervention in Latin America. -
Niagara Movement
Early civil rights movement led by W.E.B. Du Bois, advocating for racial equality. -
Pure Food and Drug Act
Law ensuring food and drug safety. -
Meat Inspection Act
Regulation of the meatpacking industry after Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle. -
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Dollar Diplomacy
President Taft’s policy of using economic power to influence Latin America and Asia. -
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Great Migration
Mass movement of Black Americans from the South to northern cities. -
Election of 1912
Woodrow Wilson won due to a split between Theodore Roosevelt and William Taft. -
Seventeenth Amendment
Allowed for direct election of U.S. Senators. -
Federal Reserve Act
Established the Federal Reserve to regulate banking. -
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Moral Diplomacy
Woodrow Wilson’s foreign policy promoting democracy and human rights. -
Clayton Antitrust Act
Strengthened antitrust laws to limit monopolies. -
Federal Trade Commission
Created to prevent unfair business practices. -
Panama Canal
Opened for shipping, connecting the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. -
Lusitania
German U-boat sank this British ship, killing Americans and escalating tensions leading to U.S. involvement in WWI. -
Zimmermann Telegram
Secret German proposal to Mexico for an alliance against the U.S., contributing to U.S. entry into WWI. -
Period: to
American Expeditionary Force
U.S. troops in WWI under General John J. Pershing. -
Eighteenth Amendment (Prohibition)
Banned alcohol. -
Schenck v. United States
Supreme Court case that upheld restrictions on free speech during wartime. -
Treaty of Versailles
Ended WWI, placing blame on Germany and leading to WWII tensions. -
First Red Scare
Fear of communism in the U.S. following the Russian Revolution. -
Nineteenth Amendment
Granted women the right to vote. -
Period: to
Jazz Age
Period of cultural transformation centered on jazz music. -
Period: to
Lost Generation
Group of disillusioned writers who criticized post-WWI society. -
Period: to
Harlem Renaissance
Flourishing of Black cultural and artistic expression. -
Period: to
Ku Klux Klan
Resurgence of the KKK, targeting Black Americans, immigrants, Catholics, and Jews. -
Emergency Quota Act
Restricted immigration based on national origins. -
Sacco and Vanzetti Trial
Trial and execution of two Italian anarchists, reflecting anti-immigrant and anti-radical sentiments. -
Period: to
Washington Conference
International meeting to limit naval armaments and prevent militarism. -
Dawes Plan
U.S. financial plan to help Germany pay WWI reparations. -
National Origins Act
Further restricted immigration, favoring northern and western Europeans. -
Scopes Trial
Trial over the teaching of evolution in schools, highlighting science vs. religion debates. -
Kellogg-Briand Pact
An attempt to outlaw war internationally. -
Wall Street Crash
Stock market collapse leading to the Great Depression. -
Period: to
Dust Bowl
Severe drought causing massive agricultural damage in the Midwest. -
Bonus March
WWI veterans protested in Washington for early pension payments. -
Election of 1932
A pivotal U.S. election that brought Franklin D. Roosevelt to power during the Great Depression. -
CCC
Civilian Conservation Corps, providing jobs for unemployed young men. -
TVA
Tennessee Valley Authority, creating jobs and infrastructure. -
AAA
Agricultural Adjustment Act, reducing farm production to raise prices. -
NRA
National Recovery Administration, promoting fair wages and prices. -
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Good-Neighbor Policy
FDR’s foreign policy of non-intervention in Latin America. -
WPA
Works Progress Administration, creating jobs in public works and the arts. -
Wagner Act
Strengthened labor unions’ rights. -
Social Security Act
Established unemployment insurance and pensions. -
Period: to
Neutrality Acts
Laws attempting to keep the U.S. out of foreign conflicts. -
Court Reorganization Plan
FDR’s failed attempt to expand the Supreme Court. -
Period: to
Recession of 1937-1938
Economic downturn during the Great Depression. -
Fair Labor Standards Act
Established minimum wage and child labor protections. -
Four Freedoms
FDR’s speech outlining global democratic values. -
Pearl Harbor
Japanese attack that led to U.S. entry into WWII. -
Period: to
Manhattan Project
Secret U.S. project developing the atomic bomb. -
Period: to
Double V Campaign
Black Americans’ fight for victory against fascism abroad and racism at home. -
Period: to
Braceros
Program allowing Mexican laborers to work in the U.S. -
Period: to
Island-Hopping
U.S. military strategy in the Pacific, capturing key islands. -
D-Day
Allied invasion of Normandy, marking the turning point in WWII. -
Korematsu v. United States
Supreme Court ruling upholding Japanese-American internment camps. -
Hiroshima
First atomic bomb dropped by the U.S. on Japan. -
Nagasaki
Second atomic bomb dropped, leading to Japan’s surrender. -
Yalta Conference
Allied leaders planned post-war Europe -
Potsdam Conference
U.S., U.K., and USSR met to finalize post-war plans. -
United Nations
International organization established to promote peace and cooperation.