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Second Great Awakening
Widespread Enlightenment thinking led to a major religious movement known as the Second Great Awakening. This was the protestant religious revival that spread religion through emotional preaching. Charles Finney was one of the key figures as he spoke passionately in simple words and put an emphasis on the moral reformation of society. -
Marbury vs Madison
This case was caused by John Adam's appointment of "midnight judges" on his last night in office. Once Jefferson took office, James Madison decided that he would not deliver the appointments, which upset William Marbury who argued that he had a right to his commission under the Judiciary Act, which was declared unconstitutional. This case established the process of Judicial Review and increased the power of the Supreme Court. -
Louisiana Purchase
Jefferson got the land of Louisiana from the French for 50 million dollars and doubled the size of America. This purchase was not permitted under the constitution, but was justified on the grounds that this gave them more opportunities for westward expansion. -
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Lewis and Clark Expedition
The Corps of Discovery was led by Meriwether Lewis and William Clark. They explored the northern Louisiana Territory and travelled up the Missouri River. This expedition led to more accurate mapping, scientific knowledge of the region, and better diplomatic relations with the natives. -
Embargo Act
This act was passed by congress at the request of Thomas Jefferson in response to US ships being seized by both France and Britain. This act made it illegal for US merchants to import or export goods and ultimately hurt the US and their merchants, rather than protect as was intended. -
Battle of Tippecanoe
William Henry Harrison, governor of the Indiana Territory, gathered an army and advanced on Tecumseh's headquarters in Tippecanoe. Tecumseh was not there, but the Shawnees attacked Harrison's army, resulting in the Shawnee settlements being burned down. This battle made Harrison a national hero and drove Tecumseh into an alliance with the British. -
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War of 1812
Two things caused this war. The first of which being the continued impressment of American sailors by the British and the second being the American desire for westward expansion. When Britain was unwilling to give in to the demands of America, war was declared. America ultimately won the war, which caused an increase of nationalism to rise within the nation. -
Hartford Convention
Delegates met in Hartford, Connecticut in order to discuss the opinions on the War. The Federalists opposed the war and threatened to secede from the union. -
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American System
The American System was created by Henry Clay. It was a set of policies that proposed federally funded internal improvements that would benefit farmers and merchants. It also proposed federal tariffs that would protect US manufacturers and suggested a Second Bank of the US, which would stabilize the economy with a national currency. -
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Lowell System
The Lowell System originated in the Lowell Factory in Massachusetts. This factory was staffed by former New England farm girls who were closely supervised by bosses who controlled every aspect of their lives, including their leisure time. -
American Colonization Society
The American Colonization Society was founded by northern Quakers and southern slave owners that wanted to send free black populations back to Africa. This was unsuccessful. -
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Era of Good Feelings
The Era of Good Feelings was a brief period of time after the War of 1812 in which there was a surge of nationalism throughout the country and the Federalist party disbanded. -
McCulloch vs Maryland
In this case the question of if states could tax a federal bank arose. John Marshall declared that states can not tax a federal bank and that national law trumps state law whenever they contradict. This is another example of the expansion of federal power. -
Florida Purchase Treaty
Spain was having difficulty governing the Florida territory, which resulted in many of its inhabitants crossing the border and raiding US territory. Monroe sent Andrew Jackson to stop this and protect the American border. Instead, Jackson attacked two Spanish forts. To avoid war with the US, Spain sold the Florida Territory to the US, which was made official by the Adams-Onis Treaty negotiated by John Quincy Addams. -
Missouri Compromise
The Missouri Compromise, also known as the Compromise of 1820, was created by Henry Clay. The terms of which included Missouri entering the union as a slave state, Maine entering as a free state, and the establishment of the 36°30' line. -
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Universal Male Suffrage
By 1825, most eastern states had joined with their western counterparts to lower or eliminate the property requirements for voting. This allowed more people to join political parties and caused many to realign themselves with other political parties. -
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Market Revolution
The Market Revolution was the linking of northern industries with western and southern farms, which was created by advances in agriculture, industry, and transportation. The revolution coordinated industry in the US and created a singular economic entity throughout all of the regional sectors. This marked America's transition from an agrarian society to a capitalist society. -
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Cult of Domesticity
This was a narrative published in books and magazines by upper and middle class women. They claimed that a woman's identity and purpose should revolve around having children, raising them, and housekeeping. This notion separated public and private spheres and enforced the ideas of assigned gender roles. It also shamed the lower classes who did not have the excess income that allowed the upper class women to stay home. -
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Transcendentalism
This was an American Philosophy that was deeply rooted in the Romantic view of transcendent power, beauty of nature, and the belief in human perfectibility. The key figures of this movement were Henry David Thoreau and Ralph Waldo Emerson. -
Monroe Doctrine
Monroe heeded the cautions outlined by Washington in his Farewell Address and established the Monroe Doctrine. The terms of which stated that the lands in the Western Hemisphere were in US Territory and Europe had no business in said hemisphere. It also officially re-outlined the political neutrality of the US in Europe and challenged Europe for authority in the Americas. -
Election of 1824
This election consisted of five all Republican candidates, those being John Quincy Adams, Henry Clay, William Crawford, John C. Calhoun, and Andrew Jackson. Jackson won the popular vote, but Adams won the election and named Henry Clay as his Secretary of State. Jackson called this a "corrupt bargain" even though there was technically nothing that was done wrong. -
New Harmony
New Harmony was a communal society in Indiana that was founded by Robert Owen, a wealthy and idealistic Scottish textile manufacturer. The society was created to seek human betterment, but ultimately failed. -
Erie Canal
This canal was constructed in New York and connected Buffalo to Albany. It lined western farms with eastern manufacturing and created an influx of canal building throughout the states. The canal was used to connect various regions and transport goods. -
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Hudson River School
The Hudson River School used their canvases to portray dramatic renditions of American landscapes. They devoted their paintings to the pristine and untouched land of the American continent, although they did include hints of the encroachment of civilization, which they believed had arrived to spoil the untouched land. -
American Temperance Society
The American Temperance Society was created by an association of clergymen and businessmen. Most of their efforts were directed towards working class men with frequent drinking tendencies. Over 5,000 Temperance Society chapters were established across the nation. -
"Tariff of Abominations"
This tariff was passed during the final months of John Quincy Adam's presidency. It raised duties on imports by 35-45% and was beneficial to northern manufacturers and western farmers, but southerners suffered. John C. Calhoun called this the Tariff of Abominations because it disadvantaged the south economically and prompted Calhoun to develop the Doctrine of Nullification as he thought the tariff was an overreach of federal power. -
Indian Removal Act
This Act mandated that all Indians be relocated west of the Mississippi River in the Oklahoma Territory where encroaching Americans would not bother them for a few years. In 1838 the forcible removal of tribes began and they were forced to travel along the Trail of Tears. -
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Trail of Tears
The Trail of Tears was the route that many Native Americans were forced to travel upon the forcible removal from their land. It was known as the Trail of Tears due to the miserable nature of the journey that included mass sickness and death. -
Nat Turner Rebellion
This was an organized slave revolt in Virginia, which was led by an enslaved worker named Nat Turner. He believed God had chosen him. He and his followers killed 57 people in rebellion, but the Virginia militia put a stop to the rebellion the next day. -
Worchester vs Georgia
The Cherokee nation in Georgia declared itself a sovereign nation within the boundaries of the state, but Georgia would not recognize this and still tried to remove them. The Cherokees challenged the constitutionality of their removal in the Supreme Court, who sided with the Cherokee because their land was under federal protection. A delegation eventually met with US officials to exchange their land for reservation land west of the Mississippi River. -
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Bank War
In the 1830s several state banks had to close because they were unable to make payments to the national bank, which left lower classes with worthless money. Jackson thought that the bank itself was unconstitutional and that it served to prop up the wealthy. Henry Clay wanted to pass a bill to re-charter the bank, but Andrew Jackson vetoed it. -
American Antislavery Society
The American Antislavery Society was established by William Lloyd Garrison and it rapidly spread across the north. He argued for a moral persuasion to end slavery, rather than violent methods. -
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Whig Party
The Whigs were lead by Henry Clay in the image of the federalists, or the nationalists. They wanted a powerful and involved government, national bank, protective tariffs, and federally funded internal improvements. They despised crimes done by immigrants. -
Positive Good Speech
This was a speech made by John C. Calhoun that argued the positive aspects of slavery. He argued for not only the economical benefits of slavery, but also for the moral justifications behind the institution. -
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Immigration: Irish, Germans
During the Industrial Revolution, many cities grew drastically due to an increase in immigration. The Irish came largely due to the Irish Potato Famine, while German farmers were displaced due to crop failures. Other immigrants sought a more democratic way of life. Many immigrants settled on the Eastern Seaboard to work in the industrial sector. Northern industry expanded greatly due to the expanding pool of cheap labor. -
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Know Nothing Party
The Know Nothing Party was created by protestant middle class Americans who felt threatened by the immigrants who could take their jobs. They gained enough popularity to take control of the northern state legislators. -
Seneca Falls Convention
The convention was led by Elizabeth Cody Stanton and Lucretia Mott. It was the first women's rights conference of America and was called to address women's rights in American society. They drafted a document titled the Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions, which listed the grievances against a society that had disenfranchised them and treated women as second class citizens.