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Period: to
Neonates
Neonates - birth to 1 month of age
respiratory: 40-60 breaths/minute, but will drop to 30-40 minutes after birth
tidal volume: 6-8 mL/kg
heart rate: 140-160 beats/minute, but within 30 minutes of birth, it drops to 100-160
birth weight: 3.0-3.5 kg, head makes up 25% of the total body weight. weight then drops 5-10% first two weeks of life. -
Period: to
Infants
Infants - 1 month to 1 year; respiratory rate: 20-30; tidal volume: 10-15 mL/kg; heart rate: 120; SBP: 70-90 mmHg; temp: 98-100F
baby continues to gain weight
requires breast milk or formula
primary teeth begin to emerge late in infancy, and soft foods can be eaten
have a certain set of reflexes that they eventually lose
passive immunity
born with fontanels
crying is main source of communication
needs a close relationship with parent/caregiver
recognize familiar faces, walking, grasping -
Period: to
Toddlers
Toddlers - 1-3 years; HR: 80-130; respiratory rate: 20-30; SBP: 70-100mmHg; temp: 98.6-99.6F
bones continue to grow and increase in density
passive immunity is lost
nervous system develops quickly
begin potty training between 18-30 months
by age 3, toddler should be able to walk alone, being to run, pull/carry toys, climb furniture/stairs, sort objects by color and shape
learn more language (cause and effect learned)
separation anxiety -
Period: to
Preschool-Age
3-6 years; HR: 80-120; respiratory: 20-30; SBP: 80-110 mmHg; temp: 98.6-99.6F
weight gain slows down, but still gaining muscle mass.
shed extra fat
airways continue to branch and increases alveoli
active immunity
brain has reached 90% of its adult weight
develop fine motor skills
potty trained, but may experience bed wetting
hop, jump, swing, climb, dress themselves, use forks/spoons
begin to interact with people outside of family
display competitiveness and express feelings/frustrations -
Period: to
School-Age
6-12 years; HR: 70-110; respiratory: 20-30; SBP: 80-120 mmHg; temp: 98.6F
most children experience some discomfort due to increasing bone size/density
loose primary teeth and replace with permanent teeth
some struggle with nocturnal enuresis
attend school and develop relationships outside of family
friendships are formed
variety of social activities and develop problem solving skills
develop own self-concept -
Period: to
Adolescence
12-18 years; HR: 55-105; respiratory: 12-20; SBP: 100-120; temp: 98.6F
rapid 2-3 year growth spurt
muscle mass, bone growth, and development are nearly complete
girls are mostly done by 16, boys by 18
go through puberty; girls usually begin around age 10, boys by 12
more argumentative, participate in risky behavior
desire to be treated as adults
develop identity
peer pressure increases
concerned about body image -
Period: to
Early Adulthood
20-40 years; HR: 70; respiratory: 16-20; BP: 120/80; temp: 98.6F
all body systems operate at optimal levels
most people reach peak physical condition between 19-26 y/o
gain weight, store fat, experience decreased muscle tone
spinal disks settle
generally take on more responsibility and become more independent
usually develop romantic and affectionate relationships
many marry and start families
find a career -
Period: to
Middle Adulthood
41-60 y/o; HR: 70; respiratory: 16-20; BP: 120/80; temp: 98.6F
body still functioning at a high level, but with varying degrees of degradation
experience more changes as a result of disease
cardiovascular health and cancer become a concern
gain weight easily, hard to control weight
menopause happens late 40s-50s
women tend to decrease in height bc of osteoporosis
try to reach their goals and help younger generations
period of self-questioning
many become grandparents
focus on others more -
Period: to
Late Adulthood
vitals depend on the person's physical and health status. temp is 98.6F
almost all individuals will die of disease or accidents before reaching maximum life span (120)
body systems not efficient
sensory and respiratory changes
cardiovascular issues are common
decreased metabolism and insulin production
everything sucks
tend to reflect on their lives
even with support, may feel alone/isolated
difficult financial decisions
dependent on others
death