Ottoman Sultanate From 1703 to the End of the Ottoman Empire timeline

One key factor in Sultan rule were the Janissaries, who were an elite corps in the army, and due to their success, became a key political force in Ottoman rule. They were selected through the devshirme system, where Christian youth were taken from their parents, converted to Islam, and trained to fight for the Ottoman Empire. If the Janissaries did not get what they want, they often executed the Sultans. Another key factor for Sultan changes were Military losses, which led to Sultan deposition.

What was the Ottoman Empire? The Ottoman Empire was one of the biggest powers in the Middle East, ranging from Northern Africa to Saudi Arabia and Western Europe, centered at Constantinople, one of the biggest cities in the world with a strategic location between Europe and Asia, and established in 1299 by Sultan Osman I. This timeline goes into the Sultans who were able to keep the Ottoman Empire alive until World War I, and their periodic changes due to a variety of reasons.

Janissaries deposed Ahmed III's brother Mustafa II, due to military losses, and Ahmed III was put in power. Due to rampant crime in Constantinople, he enacted reforms and brought the city under control. He expanded the Ottoman Empire into Azov (previously of Russia) and conquered Peloponnesia in 1714. His rule was known as the Tulip Age, where literature and art flourished. Deposed by Janissaries after the loss of Iran to Iranian rebels.
Image Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed_III

Mahmud initially suppressed rebellions against him by Janissaries and other rebels in Constantinople. Mahmud expanded the Ottoman Empire by waging war with Austria and Russia from 1735-1739, and in the Treaty of Belgrade in 1739, he regained Azov from Russia, and newly gained Northern Serbia and a part in Southern Romania. He was very involved in poetry and left most rule to viziers. Mahmud I died due to poor health in 1754.
Image Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahmud_I

In his brief reign of three years before his death, he did not make any significant reforms. He is best known for his unusual behavior, having been a palace prisoner for most of his life up to that point, with a dislike of music and women's companionship.
Image Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osman_III

Mustafa III's rule focused on effectively administrating justice, with cracking down on corruption on all levels, including executing a grand vizier in 1765. He also released prisoners who were unjustly sentenced with a fine. Mustafa III established a peace treaty with Prussia to modernize the Ottoman army in 1761. They also lost a war with Russia from 1768-1774 and lost Crimea, Romania, and parts of Bulgaria. He died of a heart attack in 1774.
Image: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_III

He tried to renovate the Janissary corps, navy and established an artillery corps. He was a pacifist. In 1774, he signed Russia to a peace treaty, with the Russians gaining land and ability to protect Christians in that area. However, because of Russia's tampering in Ottoman affairs, the Ottomans declared war in 1787, but Abdul Hamid I died in 1789. He was loved by the Ottoman people and tried to strengthen rule in Syria, Egypt, and Iraq.
Image Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdul_Hamid_I

When Selim was put in rule, he continued war against the Russians until 1792, where he signed a treaty giving up Crimea. Selim III pushed for diplomacy with other nations because of the decreasing size of the Ottoman Empire. Selim III was deposed by Janissaries in 1806 because of his attempt to create a new infantry corps, and in addition to that, the Janissaries deposed the Egyptian vizier appointed by Selim III because of his attempt of military reform.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selim_III

In order to gain the rule of the Ottoman Empire, Mustafa IV cooperated with Janissaries to kill Selim III. Immediately after, Russians sent an army to Constantinople to restore Selim III. In order to cement his rule, Mustafa IV ordered the deaths of Mahmud and Selim, two potential heirs to stop the unrest. However, Mahmud reappeared from hiding, after Selim was killed, and Mahmud and rebels deposed Mustafa IV in 1808 with Janissary support.
Image Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_IV

Mahmud II's key achievement was the Tanzimat, where he attempted to modernize and centralize the Ottoman Empire. Reforms included abolishing the Janissaries in 1826, Westernizing the Ottoman Empire, and adding steamboats to the navy. Despite these reforms, the Ottoman Empire was continually shrinking, with Greece gaining independence and a new Saudi state that had control of Mecca and Medina. He died of Tuberculosis in 1839.
Image Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahmud_II

Abdulmejid I continued his father's Tanzimat reforms, with the Ottomans allowing Christians to have more opportunities and rights and some protection of the Ottoman Empire against Russians from the French and British in the Crimean War. He was unable to expand the Ottoman Empire and was forced to give up Lebanon. He maintained good terms with European Powers to prolong the life of the Ottoman Empire.
Image Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdulmejid_I

Abdulaziz spent significant time expanding the navy, making it the 3rd largest in the world. He officially recognized viceroys of Egypt and Sudan and made these countries autonomous colonies of the Ottoman Empire. Abdulaziz's money expenditures, which included building palaces and crop failure in 1873, lead to significant debt of the Ottoman Empire, and this caused Abdulaziz to be deposed in 1876.
Image Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdulaziz

He was the last Sultan that had full control over the Ottoman Empire. In 1876, he tried to establish a constitution, but because of Western Influence and a war loss with Russia in 1877-1878 where the Empire lost Romania, Serbia, Montenegro, Bulgaria, and Armenia parts to independence and Russia, Abdul Hamid suspended the democracy. He tried to modernize, with railway and education reforms. Abdul Hamid was deposed in 1909 by Mahmud Parsha govt.
Image: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdul_Hamid_II

Succeeded to the throne after the deposition of Abdulaziz, his uncle. Murad wanted to introduce constitutional reforms to the Ottoman Empire. However, his reign only lasted for 93 days before being deposed as mentally ill, since he had very liberal views, which at the time, meant that he believed in having a constitution rather than absolute rule of the Sultan.
Image Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murad_V

Mehmed V was mainly a figurehead ruler of the Ottoman Empire, with a Young Turk Revolution that restored a strong parliament in the Ottoman Empire. The Ottoman Empire lost all North African territory and most of its European Territories under his rule to a variety of wars. Mehmed V was then forced by parliament to join WWI on the side of the Central Powers but died shortly before the war's end in 1918.
Image Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehmed_V

Mehmed VI's rule involved the attempt to form a new government for the Ottoman Empire with Sultan involvement. However, Ataturk formed a new representative government called the Turkish Grand National Assembly, which Mehmed VI was forced to accept. He was exiled in 1922 after the Turkish Grand National Assembly voted to abolish the Sultanate.
Image Source: https://www.britannica.com/biography/Mehmed-VI

In 1922, the Ottoman Sultanate was ended by the Grand National Assembly of Turkey, and Mehmed VI, along with loyalists to the Ottoman Empire, were exiled. The Ottoman Empire was no more.