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Cuban Revolution
Over ten years time, more than 100,000 Cuban refugees fled to the US, creating a significant increase in ELLs in the country.
Great summary video - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HyzJkhGofGY -
Civil Rights Act
- Allowed all races to receive public education
- Allowed different languages to be spoken in the classroom
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Elementary and Secondary Education Act
- most far-reaching federal legislation affecting education ever passed by the United States Congress
- extensive statute that funds primary and secondary education.
- emphasizes equal access to education and establishes high standards and accountability
- reauthorization of ESEA by President George W. Bush was known as the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001
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Cuban Adjustment Act
Cubans can become legal permanent residents of the U.S. if -
- They live in the U.S. for at least one year
- They have been paroled or permitted (i.e. they came into the U.S. legally through an open port-of-entry or are properly documented as being in the U.S.) -
Bilingual Education Act
- First official federal recognition that students with limited English speaking ability need support
- Provided funds in the form of competitive grants for
- Training teachers to work with English language learners
- Educational programs designed for English language learners
- Development of materials to help teach English
- This act was far from perfect and led to confusion and controversy
- Did not explicityly state how programs should work
- Has been amended numerous times
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National Defense Education Act
- Attempted to strengthen and improve the students to accomplish more than a high school diploma in education.
- put more of an emphasis on modern foreign languages due to the low-achieving status that students were experiencing
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US Lands on the Moon
After initially starting behind the Soviets in the race to space, the United States are the first to put a man on the moon. -
Lau vs. Nichols
- "Sink or swim" Chinese American students in San Francisco were placed in mainstream classrooms despite their lack of proficiency in English.
- Very influential in bringing bilingual education to the classroom because it argued that far too many children have missed the opportunity to receive better schooling because they simply cannot understand the language spoken.
- the Supreme Court passed the idea that all students, no matter ethnicity, should be treated equally in schools.
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The Equal Educational Opportunities Act (EEOA) 1974
- Came about from Lau vs. Nichols, Casaneda v. Pickard, Plyler vs. Doe and several other court cases regarding civil rights issues
- "No state shall deny educational opportunities to an individual on account of his or her race, color, sex, or national origin"
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NABE Founded
NABE an organization since 1975 that works to ensure that language minority students have equal opportunities to learn English and succeed academically. -
Castañeda v. Pickard
Major outcome of this case- three-pronged test to determine whether schools are taking "appropriate action" to address the needs of ELLa as required by the EEOA:
1. A pedagogically sound plan for LEP students.
2. Sufficient qualified staff to implement the plan (includes hiring of new staff and training of current staff).
3. A system established to evaluate the program.
The Castañeda standard has esentially become the law of the land in determining the adequacy of programs for ELLs -
Nation at Risk Published
A Nation at Risk: The Imperative for Educational Reform is the 1983 report of American President Ronald Reagan's National Commission on Excellence in Education. Its publication is considered a landmark event in modern American educational history. Among other things, the report contributed to the ever-growing assertion that American schools were failing, and it touched off a wave of local, state, and federal reform efforts.
