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Birth of Oliver
Oliver Cromwell was born on April 25, 1599 in Huntingdon, Huntingshire, England, to parents Elzabeth Stuart and Robert Cromwell. Oliver was born into one of the wealthiest and influential familes in all of East Anglia. Oliver's father, Robert Cromwell, traced his heritage back to Thomas Cromwell, who was titled the 'Earl of Essex' by King Henry VIII in 1540. Oliver's birth is important because he would become Lord Protector of the Commonwealth of England, Scotland, and Ireland. (history.co.uk) -
First Modern Novel (World Event)
Miguel de Cervantes wrote the first modern novel, Don Quixote, in 1605. The novel features the main character, Don Quixote, who tries to undergo chivalrous acts, such as defeating giants, which are really windmills. This novel shows comedy, creativity, and even tragic events. This is an important event because it is the first ever novel, and thousands more will be created as a result of this. It changed literature for the better, and increased peoples' creativity. (Grun, 270) -
30 Years' War (World Event) (1618-48)
Through 1618-48, Ferdinand II of Bohemia tried to limit religious activities of his people, and this started rebellions amoung Protestants. It was also a battle over territory and for power. Sweden, France, Spain and Austria all got involved in war. The war ended with the treaty Peace of Westphalia. The significance of this event is that religion started to become less in politics and war weakened the Holy Roman Empire, Spain, and Austria, and Germany, but fortified France. (Grum, 276) -
Slaves Brought to Jamestown (World Event)
On March 24, 1619, the first slave ship sailed to America. The slaves dissembarked in Jamestown, Virginia to help harvest the overgrowing crop tobaco, which was their main crop. The slaves were sold as indentured servants, who could become free, yet most never did. This event is very important because this is the first time slavery was being used in America, and would lead to all of America using slaves to help harvest crops, though the slaves would be beaten and killed. (History.com) -
Pilgrims Set Sail (World EVent)
On September 6, 1620, the Pilgrims set sail on the Mayflower seeking religious freedoms. They landed in Plymouth, MA, where they became allies with the Wampanoags, a nearby Indian tribe, who helped the pilgrims survive. This is important because the Pilgrims wrote the Mayflower Compact; the first self-government to be introduced in America. Also, the Pilgrims founded the Plymouth Bay Colony and the Wampanoags and Pilgrims had a grand feast, starting the holiday Thanks Giving.
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Construction of the Taj Mahal (1631-53) (World Event)
Shah Jahan, the ruler of Agra, India, started construction of the Taj Mahal 1631, and it continued to 1653, The death of Shah's beloved queen, Mumtaz Mahal, had inspired him to create the Taj Mahal in her honor. The building itself includes priceless stones and stands up to 240 feet tall. This event is important world wide because Is is one of the seven world wonders, due to the beautiful architecture and large size of the structure. (History.com) -
Oliver Joins Parliament
Oliver was elected to the Short Parliament, but the king dissolve them. Because King Charles I needed money to fight in the Bishops Wars, he set up Long Parliament in December 4, 1640. Despite making little impact in the Short Parliament, Oliver made a pettition to set free John Lilburne, a Puritan who believed everyone has rights. This is significant because Oliver is getting called to Parliament again, which eventually will lead to him being a general in the upcoming war. (history.co.uk) -
Death of Galileo Galilei (World Event)
January 8, 1642 is when Galileo Galilei, also known as "Father of Modern Science," died. Being blind, in poor health, and sentenced to house arrest, Galileo died in Arcetri, Italy.
This event is important because Galileo proved the Roman Catholic Church wrong, sparking other scientists and austronomers to want to continue Galileo's work to see what else is false. His death was a big loss itself, because he was very intelligent and made many discoveries.(Grun, 291) -
English Civil War (1642-51)
April 22, 1642 is when the English Civil War was first declared, caused by Charles I who wouldnt purify the English Church, and Parliament refused to give him money. Parliament's army was led by Oliver Cromwell, called 'Roundheads' while Charles I with the 'Cavaliers' or Royalists. Parliament won the war. This event allowed Parliament to execute of the king, which will cause Oliver to take charge as Lord Protector. It also made it
necesary to create the New Model Army.(History,com) -
Battle of Marston Moor
The Battle of Marston Moor, which is a Battle in the English Civil War, took place on July 2, 1644. The New Model Army led by Oliver against the Royalists, Charles I, and Prince Rupert, who had led the Royalists in battle. The Royalists were greatly outnumbered, making it a quick Parliament victory. This is important because it would give Parliament control of the north, canceling Royalist support in England. This battle will also result in other Parliment victories in the English Civil War. ( -
Battle of Naseby
The Battle of Naseby took place on June 14, 1645. Oliver was a Lieutenant-General in the New Model Army that went against Charles I and the Royalists. Charles I could do nothing but accept defeat as Parliament won the war. This battle is important because it makes Parliament victorious in the English Civil War, sealing Charles I fate of executed. The war also strengthes Parliament and the New Model Army severly. (Grum, 292) -
Charles I Execution
Charles I was called to be trial to confirm his disgrace. He was surely found guilty in his trial for commiting treason against his country. and Parliament sentenced him to a public ececution. On January 30, 1649, King Charles I was killed by being beheaded in front of many spectators. This is important because never before had an execution or trial of a King been open to the public. Also, there was no one to control England, giving Oliver the opportunity to rule England. (Grun, 294) -
Defeating Ireland and Scotland
.On September, 1649, Oliver and the New Model Army went to Ireland to stop a rebellion, but at the same time Scotland, who supported Charles II, tried to invade England. This left Oliver to face both Ireland and Scotland nearly at the same time, and resluted in Parliament winning the Second Civil War. This would lead to the Battle of Dunbar and Worcester, battles in which he was victorious, giving him power over Ireland, Scotand, and England once he became Lord Protector. -
Long Parliament gets dissolves
April 20, 1653, Oliver dissolved the Long Parliament; the same one he was in 13 years age. Oliver suggested to re-elect Parliament members, due to people's complaints about high taxes. Parliament members wanted to stay, so they agreed to add a few new members, which changed nothing. This event shows that Oliver ranks himself higher than Parliament, giving him the power to dissolve it. Oliver has absolute rule over, being no better than Charles I, for he too, has dissolved Parliament. (Carr, 65) -
Lord Protector
On December 16, 1653, Oliver Cromwell was made Lord Protector of the Commonweath of England, Scotland, and Ireland in honor of winning the war for Parliament. Though Oliver's first intentions going into Parliament was to get rid of an absolute monarch and to have equality, he himself acts as a dictator of England. This event is important becuase it gives Oliver too much authority,which he will take advantage of by dissolving Parliament so he is the one sole ruler of England. -
Death of Oliver
On September 3, 1658 was when Oliver Cromwell took his last breath in Whitehall, London, The cause of his death is not certian, though it is thought that he caught a fever and died. This event is significant because it is an end to Oliver Cromwell's reign as Lord Protector, ceasing his rule over England. A new Parliament is selected which will lead to them asking Charles II to rule. (Carr, 69)
