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Nov 23, 1500
First occupants- Iroquois
-Society was a Matriarchy; leadership and decision making was the responsibility of women. -
Nov 23, 1500
First occupants- Algonkians
-Society was a Patriarchy; Father played vital leadership role. -
French regime- The influence of aboriginal peoples on power
-Made military alliances to protect their economy, fur trade.
-French Hurons (iroquois) traded with the french. Fought with the Iroquois over control of fur trade territory.
-English Iroquois were allies with the British and faught against the Hurons for control of fur trade. English won the battle.
-The coureurs des bois are formed. They are french settlers who lived with the Natives for a year and traded with Amerindians. -
French Regime- Installation of Royal Government
-The companies who held a monopoly were almost destroying New France. Therefore the King ended the monopoly and placed New France under the Minister of Marine, Jean-Baptiste Colbert.
-Both men decided to implament the Royal Government in 1663. -
French Regime- Royal Government's Council
-King and Minister of Marine remained in France, while the Sovereign Council ran in N.F. The council was made of the following members:
-Governor:Highest rank, dealt with external affairs like English colonies and the Natives.
-Intendant:Chief administrator, controlled budget, collected taxes, and set up industries.
-Bishop:Chosen by the pope, administrated over Parish Priests, hospitals, schools and charities.
-Not on the council, the Captain of Militia dealt with issues on seigneuries. -
French Regime- Peace Treaty
-The Great Peace Treaty of Montreal was a peace treaty between New France and 40 First Nations of North America.
-Signed August 4, 1701 by the governor of N.F, Louis-Hector de Callière and 1300 representatives of aboriginal nations.
-French were allies with the Hurons and Algonquians, this provided 16 years of peace. -
French regime- Power relations between church and state
-Church is involved in political decisions because of its role in the Sovereign Council.
-The priests were in charge of parishes, and working as missionaries.
-Nuns were working in Hospitals.
-Church had the role of: Education, hospitals and charities.
-The King assumes power based on the principal of Divine Right of kings. -
French Regime- Power relations between colony and mother country
-The influence of decisions made by the mother country on the power in the colony.
-Absolute monarchy: The king names administrators of the colony and can still reverse any decisions they make. -
French Regime- Life in New France
-Habitants had happy but hardworking lives. Work to be done everyday.
-Since N.F was not developping, settlers became self-dependant.
-Life was different than France, where they had big groups of starving/poor people, and big groups of rich upper class people.
-These people became distinct habitants called Canadiens in 1760, who remained in New France after British Conquest.
-Three social classes were made:
-Elite (Governor)
-Middle Class (Seigneurs)
-Habitant (Censitaires) -
British Regime- Articles of Capitulation
The French troops waited out the winter in Montreal, and then in September a document was signed giving the terms under which the French would surrender. The document was called the Aarticles of Capitulation and it stated:
-The French Militia could return home, no one would lose their property.
-The French Regular military would lay down their arms and leave.
-The people could practice the R.C. religion, but the Bishop would have to leave.
-The people who stayed would become British Subjects. -
Royal Proclamation-British Regime
What did it do?
-Gives the colony the name, The Province of Quebec.
-Decreases the borders.
-Put in place a civilian government where the King appointed the Governor who then appointed members of Executive Council.
-British laws applied.
-No new bishops allowed.
-No Roman catholics could hold public office.
The Royal Proc. Had a goal to control and assimilate the French in Quebec.
Most of the British who came would be rich merchants who would fill the place of the French Elite would had left. -
Treaty of paris-Birtish Regime
-The seven year war ends.
-All the Territory known as New France is given to the King of England except two small Islands, (St.Pierre, Miquelon).
-A constitution was put in place to control these French British subjects and try and change them to be more British (assimilate them). -
Difficulties of first Governor (James Murray)-British Regime
-James Murray found the Royal Proclamation unworkable, only 1% of the population of Quebec was Eng/Protestant.
-He bent the rules, and allowed a new bishop, new french laws in lower court and did not call and elective assembly.
-English merchants greatly apposed, demanded for new Governor. -
Guy Carleton-British Regime
-Carleton was tolerant towards the French in Quebec. He wanted to have their loyalty as the Americans were beginning to demand their Independence. He as well, addopts same attitude as Murray.
-13 colonies were upset, because they had fought to gain control of the Ohio Valley, however it was denied to them.
-English merchants were upset because there was no longer elected assembly.
-The Canadiens were afraid of loosing the rights to their religion, so they stayed quiet. -
The Loyalists-British Regime
-Eng.pop of QC had a sudden increase of 1-10%.
-They followed Township system.
-Loyalists were used to Eng.civil laws.
-They wrote petitions to London for change.
-After years of complaining they got their wish. -
Quebec Act-British Regime
-Guarantees French Canadian loyalty
-Enlarges Quebec
-Denied an elected assembly
-Appointed council (min.17 members)
-French laws were applied, tithe and seigneurial system are back.
-Test Act oath: Swear to the king that you're loyal.
This all made the Americans very upset.
-In the states, americans needed birtish protection from French.
-They were unhappy with 13 colonies for not being involved in war.
-British put strict control on trading with French.
-Loyalists get kicked out, move to QC -
The Constitutional Act + Representative Gov-British Regime
-Quebec was split into two pieces called, Upper and Lower CA.
-Referring to the Upper or Lower river.
-Lower CA was almost entirely French and Upper CA was mostly english.
-This brought a change in government:
-The representative gov, including;
-Governor, in charge of administration (veto power)
-Lieutnant gov,deputy governor.
-Executive council, advised governor
-Legi Counc,approve or reject laws.
-Legi Assemb,approve or dissaprove taxes.
-People,men over 21 had a say of gov. (Vote!!) -
The rebellions-British Regime
-From 1837-1838, the Parti-Patriote lead by leader Louis Joeseph Papineau wnated a responsible government, but British refused their demands which caused the rebellion.
-Therefore, Lord Durham was sent to help the situation.
-He had 3 suggestions;
-British should increase immigration to assimilate the French.
-The 2 Canada's should unite.
-Responsible government should take away veto power.
-All his suggestions were rejected by the British authorities. -
Act of Union-British Regime
-Province of Quebec now becomes Canada east and Canada west.
-They each have 42 members on their assembly.
-The Governor has veto power.
-Both Canada's equally pay for Canada debts. -
Separation of Church and State-Contemporary Period
-Church still played it's role.
-But in 1960, there was the separation of Church and state.
-There were 3 conferences held to discuss the merger.
1.The Charlottetown confrence decided the merger was a good idea in 1864.
2.The Quebec confrence decided that the 72 resolutions would make the merger possible in 1864.
3.The London confrence decided for a self governing government in 1867 (BNAA). -
Labourmovement vs State
-Until the 1950's the government avoided public sectors.
-Labour unions had pressure tactics like going on strike, to gain equal pay and equal rights.
-Later on, the seperatist and sovereignist parti quebecois was elected for the first time. -
Language groups vs State
-The French groups fight for their language to be official.
-Therefore Bill 101 is installed in 1960-1970.
-The children of Bill 101 is the name given to the generation of children whose parents immigrated to Quebec, Canada after the adoption of the Charter of the French Language (Bill 101). -
Environmental groups/Social justice vs State
-In the 1990's alterglobalization groups were recognized. This depended on citizen engagement. -
Federal/Provincial power relations
-Since the confederation, Quebec government fought against federal interference.
-Quebec sovereignty subject of 2 referendums. -
Media vs State
-Media has an influence on public opinion and the state.
-In 1990, media gained greater access of government's documents. -
Feminist movements vs State
-Femenist groups fight for woman's rights to vote.
-In 1940, woman finally gain the right to vote for the first time.
-Due to pressure tactics and demanding laws, the birth control pill was as well legalized.
