Official Power and Countervailing Powers

First Occupants

Nov 25, 1500

The natives had no official body in power. The iroquoians followed a matriarchal way of life (women in charge) and the Algonquians followed a patriarchal way of life (men in charge).

Official Power and Countervailing Powers

Period: Nov 25, 1500 to Nov 26, 2016

Power Relations between the French and the Natives

Nov 25, 1608

The French became allies with the Hurons and the Montagnais to fight for control of the fur trade. They used "Guerrilla Warfare" which means they would ambush their enemy with the element of surprise.

Power of the State

Dec 12, 1663

After the chartered company period between 1608 and 1663, the French monarchy took back control of its American colonies. King Louis XIV wanted to make his kingdom absolutist. From 1663 to 1760, Canada lived under Royal Administration.

Royal Government

Dec 13, 1663

Governor: Highest rank in the colony, commander of the army, defence dealt with external affairs, etc.
Intendant: most influential, chief administrator, controlled budget, collected taxes, built roads, etc.
Sovereign Council: The colonies high court. Includes the governor, bishop, intendant and several councillors.
Bishop: Administered over the parish, priests hospitals, schools, charities.
Captain of the militia: "chief of police" , dealt with issues on the seigneuries.

Collaboration between Church and State

Dec 13, 1663

The church was included in the making of political decisions and had a monopoly over religious matters. The church encouraged the population to listen to the governor and intendant which in exchange, the church was allowed to charge the population with a tithe. This built the relationship between church and state stronger.

Life in New France

Dec 13, 1663

Settlers were happy but loaded with work such as caring for their crops, making clothes, tools and preparing for the winter. They learned to fend for themselves since New France wasn't developing. The settlers became autonomous and later became known as Canadiens. Settlers consisted of the Nobility (governor, intendant), middle class (seigneurs, merchants) and the peasants, habitants and artisans. Thrived because of distance from France (No direct control from the king).

Great Peace of Montreal

Nov 25, 1701

The Great Peace of Montreal was a peace treaty between about 40 native nations and New France. The natives agreed to help France in war, consider the king as their father and allowed the governor general to solve their disputes. The treaty provided 16 years of peaceful relations and trade before war started again.

Situation in North America

Dec 13, 1763

British rich merchants are mad because all of a sudden they're under french laws and they were denied an elected assembly. In an attempt to please the British merchants, James Murray is called in to access the situation. Given the french are majority (99%), he just gave more to the french since he needed their loyalty. The British merchants were so angry they fired James and hired Guy Carleton who ended up saying the same thing.

Beginning of the British Regime!

Dec 13, 1763

Since France focused more on expanding the territory rather than populating, they had so much land but they couldn't cover it all. The english focused on exactly the opposite. Come the 7 year war, the english destroyed the French with their gigantic, powerful army, wins over New France. Articles of Capitulation:
- Militia could go home without losing their property.
- Military forced to lay down their arms and leave.
- Bishop forced to leave
- French elite left since they were rich enough.

Royal Proclamation

Dec 13, 1763

Ends the 7 year war and brings the colony under British rule. With the Treaty of paris, New France is given to the British except for st. pierre and Miquelon. Changes made:
- Renames the colony to Province of Quebec
- Decreases borders around the st. Lawrence Valley
- King appoints a governor who appoints members of the council
- English criminal/civil laws
- No bishop allowed to return
- No roman Catholics could hold office (Test Act) GOAL OF THE ROYAL PROCLAMATION: TO ASSIMILATE THE FRENCH

Quebec Act

Dec 13, 1774

During the American Revolution, the english were nervous that the French would join forces with the Americans and start a war. So, to please the French to convince them to stay loyal to the English...
they:
- Guaranteed French Canadian Loyalty
- Enlarged the area of Quebec to include the Great Lakes Region
- Still denied elected assembly but did allo for an appointed council
- French laws reinstated
- Test Oath Act replaced with an Oath of Allegiance

America Comes to Fruition

Dec 13, 1783

American War of Independence ends and many stay loyal to the British king however they cant stay in America. 36000 loyalists come to canada increasing the english population (1% - 10%). They settled using the Township method. The loyalists were used to english civil laws and elected assemblies so they send over the 92 resolutions to London demanding changes in Quebec.

Constitutional Act

Dec 13, 1791

Quebec split into two, separated by the Ottawa river. Upper canada had 20 000 people and it was english and protestant. They used the township method and used english civil laws. Lower canada has
160 000 people and it was french and catholic. The french could now work in the administration of lower canada. There was a representative government. The governor general had veto power. Land owning men got the right to vote for the first time.

Faults in the representative government

Dec 13, 1791

Legislative assembly could create laws but were too often shut down by the governors veto and the assembly had different views than the governor.
upper canada:
- wealthy wanted to tax property so they could build canals and railways
- Assembly wanted to tax goods since large projects wont benefit them. Lower canada:
- there were constant battles over language since the assembly was French.

92 Resolutions

Dec 17, 1834

Louis Joseph Papineau was a lawyer and seigneur who became the leader of the Parti Patriote. He wrote a letter to London containing 92 demands for political reforms in the British-governed colony in 1834. The main demand was for a responsible government.

Rebellions

Dec 13, 1837

Loyalists and Irish immigration makes the english majority. Since the french become a minority, they are scared they will lose their culture and language. The french want a responsible government but their 92 resolutions get denied. 2 political parties form (1 in upper and another in lower canada). The 2 political parties had totally opposite views, 1 was conservative and 1 was liberal and their differentiating views caused the rebellions which lasted a few months between 1837 and 1838.

10 Russel Resolutions

Dec 17, 1837

The 10 Russel Resolutions was the answer to the 92 resolutions made by the Parti Patriote. It rejected all of their demands and instead of the elected assembly gaining power, it actually lost power. The rebellions were the result of the Patriotes frustration.

Power of the state in Canadian Confederation

Dec 17, 1867

The federal government controlled defence, banking, trade, postal service, criminal law, federal taxes and it could disallow any law it felt was not in canadas interest (today done through the court system). The federal government only intervened in crisis situations. The provincial government controlled education, municipal institutions, hospitals and healthcare, property and civil rights, infrastructure and natural resources. Immigration and agriculture were shared responsibilities.

Church after Rebellions

Dec 17, 1900

Bishop gets more power and the cures become the most important in the parish. The church was in charge of registering births, deaths and marriages. It still controlled education and it still had a very high attendance. The catholic and protestant churches were divided due to their different beliefs. Into the 20th century, the church becomes more involved in politics influencing unions and the caisses populaires.

The Great Depression and Duplessis (Part 1)

Dec 17, 1930

Unemployment was at an all time low, theres a welfare state to try and help by creating unemployment insurance and family allowances. The Union Nationale comes to power in 1936 and gives women the right to vote, and makes education mandatory until the age of 14. They come back to power in 1944 until the death of Duplessis 15 years later. Duplessis defended provincial autonomy, conservatism and traditionalism and rural life. Agriculture should be the most Quebecs economy to avoid urbanization.

The Great Depression and Duplessis (Part 2)

Dec 17, 1930

Duplessis implemented more nationalist policies such as the fleur-de-lis flag in 1948, the provincial income tax in 1954, he refused federal subsidies for QC universities based on education being provincial jurisdiction, he opposed federal allowance payments on the same grounds and this was all in fear that the federal government would force Quebec to Change.

Groups that Challenged Duplessis

Dec 17, 1930

1. Union leaders accused him of opposing social progress and serving American interests rather than Quebec interests so strikes took place for example Asbestos Strike in 1949 in which the bishop and church officials supported strikers.
2. Intellectuals and journalists like Pierre Trudeau and Rene Levesque opposed him through newspapers, magazines and TV. They attacked the conservative nature of the government. In 1937, the padlock law made it illegal to strike and promote communism and fascism

Quiet Revolution

Dec 17, 1959

When Duplessis died and Jean Lesage takes power, everything changes. Since Jean Lesage was a lawyer and federal politician with the liberals, he wanted everything to start moving forward now since Duplessis hadn't wanted at all to move forward. In 1962, he nationalizes electricity.

Referendum on an Independant Quebec (Round 1)

Dec 17, 1980

The federalists say that Quebec should stay (apart of canada) while the separatists believe Quebec should leave (separate from canada). The reason why people think that it should leave is because of the cultural differences and oppressive struggle led Quebecois to believe they are independent from canada. In 1980, the referendum on sovereignty-association (PQ) said that Quebec would keep its economic benefits of being part of Canada but would be politically independent.

Referendum on an Independent Quebec (Round 2)

Dec 17, 1995

Round 1 failed because English Canada refused to give Quebec special status and some Quebecois had mixed feelings about it. In 1995, during the vote for a completely independent Quebec , no side won with 50.6% of the vote.