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Nov 25, 1500
First Occupants
Supposedly they had no official leadership. But we know this is not true. Iroquois: -Society was a Matriarchy (Matrilinear)
This means that the leadership and decision-making was the responsibility of women. Algonquians: -Society was a Patriarchy (Patrilinear)
This means that the father played an important leadership role. -
Period: Nov 25, 1500 to
Official power and countervailing powers
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Period: to
French Regime
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Royal Government
The King and the Minister of Marine stayed in France
The Sovereign Council ran New France: The Council: Governor- highest rank, the commander of the army and defense. He dealt with external affairs. Intendant- most influential, the chief administrator, In charge of:
budget, taxes, justice, seigniorial system, built roads, industries Bishop- appointed by the Pope, Charge of:
Parish Priests, hospitals, schools, charities (Not on council -had power)Captain of Militia- issues on seigneuries -
Great Peace of Montreal
The Great Peace of Montreal was a peace treaty between New France and 40 First Nation tribes of North America. It was signed on August 4, 1701, by Louis-Hector de Callière, governor of New France, and by 1300 representatives of the aboriginal nations. The French, who were allied to the Hurons and Algonquians, gave 16 years of peaceful relations and trade before War started again. The Great Peace of Montreal was sometimes also called the Grand Settlement of 1701. -
Articles of Capitulation
After the Conquest, these were the rules that had to be followed:
1. The French Militia could return home, no one would lose their property
2. The French Regular military would lay down their arms and leave.
3. The people could practice the R.C. religion, but the Bishop would have to leave.
4. The people who stayed would become British Subjects. -
Period: to
British Rule
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The Treaty of Paris
This is the Treaty that ends the Seven Year War in Europe.
All territory goes from French to English. France was only kept St-Pierre and Miquelon -
The Royal Proclamation
It gives the King’s new colony a name: The Province of Quebec. It decreases the borders to just around the St-Lawrence river valley. It put in place a civilian Government to run the new Colony. The English Criminal and Civil laws were applied.Unused land would be divided by the Township System and No new Bishop would be allowed. -
James Murray
James Murray did not agree with the Royal Proclamation because the population of Quebec was only 1% English and 99% french.
It did not make sense to imply all these English rules on the French. He changed rules to make the French happier. He allowed French laws in the lower courts and he changed the civil laws to French. -
Guy Carleton
The English were unhappy with James Murray because he was favoring the French so they demanded for a new governor.
James Murray was replaced by Guy Carleton.
-He kept James Murray's decisions the same however he was still tolarent towards the French so that they would stay loyal. -
The Quebec Act
Act to keep the French loyal to the British. It guarantees French Canadian loyalty. It enlarges the area of Quebec It's denied an elected assembly. It's an appointed council (min.17 members) French civil laws were instated, tithe and seigniorial system are back. Act Oath→ Test Oath of Allegiance (swear to king you’re loyal and could hold office) -
Constitutional Act
Made to satisfy the loyalists (after getting kicked out of America) Quebec was separated into Upper and Lower Canada. Lower Canada was mostly French.Upper Canada was mostly English. The Ottawa River was the boundary between them. In Lower Canada, the French kept their religion, civil laws, and people could work in the administration. In Upper Canada, the Protestants would use the township system and English civil laws. Added the Representative Government. -
92 Resolutions
It was written by the leader of the Patriotes Louis Joseph Papineau.List of assemblies demands. The main idea for a Responsible Government. Sent to London. London Responds with 10 resolutions that have nothing to do with the main idea. -
The Rebelions
Between 1837-1838, Upper Canada's rebellion which was lead by William Lyon Mackenzie was put to a quick end. Lower Canada's rebellion which was led by Louis Joseph Papineau after several battles (St-Charles, St-Denis, St-Eustrache) was also put down. -
Lord Durham's Recommendations
He was sent over to Quebec to find solutions. His solutions included: 1.The 2 Canada's should be joined together.- Increase British immigration to assimilate the French.
- Responsible Government should be put into place to eliminate veto power.
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Act of Union
Included the following: 1.Created the Province of Canada consisting of Canada East and West. 2.Both Canada's each had 42 members to its assembly. 3.Governor still had control and veto power. 4.Both Canada's would equally pay off Canada's debt. -
The Charlottetown Conference
Leaders all across the Canadas and provinces met and agreed that it would be a good idea to merge and form 1 country. -
The Quebec Conference
Agreed on 72 resolutions that would make the merger possible: 1.Federal system 2.24 seats to each colony 3.Assembly elected by “representative by poppulation" 4.Railway between colonies -
The London Conference
Leaders of the 4 colonies meet to make arrangement to release from the British Empire to become a new “self-governing” colony. -The Dominion of Canada. Its capital of Ottawa was created under the British North America Act -
Period: to
Contemporary Period
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Feminism
Foundation of the National Council of Women (1893) actions of the suffragettes. 1961: electing the first woman to the Legislative Assembly of Quebec (Marie-Claire Kirkland-Casgrain). 1964: 16, which ended the legal incapacity of married women. 1965: Foundation of the Federation des femmes du Quebec. -
Maurice Duplessis
What he did:
-Previous premier of Quebec.
-Didn't believe in urbanizations.
-He believed that the rural communities were the best places to promote traditional values.
-Adopted the fleurdelisé as Quebec's flag
-Provincial income tax plan
-Refused to accept federal subsidies for education.
-Opposed federal allowance payments to Quebec families on the same grounds. -
Quiet Revolution
Aspects of the Quiet Revolution:
-Began with the electoral defeat of the Union Nationale by Jean Lesage and his Liberal Party.
-Begining of Welfare state.
-To make the Quebec gov’t the major force behind Quebec's social and economic.
-To modernize Quebec's educational system.
-To weaken the influence of the church. -
The October Crisis
The October Crisis occurred when FLQ kidnapped James Cross and Pierre Laporte. The Prime Minister Trudeau used the war measures act to call out the army, and hundreds of FLQ members are arrested. Laporte's body is found in the trunk of his car, Cross is released. -
Language, Nationalism and Seperatism
Quebec wanted to separate from the rest of Canada. They were afraid of their culture becoming a minority. This led to the creation of different Laws such as Bill 22 and Bill 101. -
Oka Crisis
The Oka crisis lasted 78 days, when the standoff finally came to an end without armed conflict, however, the issues remained. The Charlottetown Accord was created to deal with these issues. The Peace of the Brave 2005. James Bay and Northern Quebec Agreement 1975.
