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Nov 22, 1500
Native Power
It is said that the Natives didn't have any official leaders, but we know thats not true. The Iroquois were matriarchy, which meant the leadership and decision making was the women's responsibility. The Algonquins were patriarchy, which mean the men played a vital leadership roles. -
Power Relations Between Aboriginals and Europeans
They Europeans and Aboriginals had strategic military alliances in order to protect their economic interests in fur trade. The Iroquois sided with the English and the Algonquins sided with the French. It was much easier to be allied with the Iroquois because you knew where they were considering they were sedentary. -
Power Relations between Church and State
Church was implicated in all aspects of life, including political because of its role in the Sovereign Council. The clergy was everywhere: in charge of parishes, working as missionaries, working in hospitals and much more. The King of France still has power of church due to the Divine Right of Kings where the king has absolute power, even power over the King -
Trading Between the Groups: English and Iroquois
The Iroquois allied with the British & fought against the French & Hurons to take over fur trade.The competition of fur trade increased as the British replaced the Dutch in Albany. Since the English were so much stronger with the Iroquois, the French no longer had the Iroquois & were forced to collect furs deeper in the forests themselves.This created jobs like coureur de bois, which were French settlers who travelled deep in the forest to live/do trade with the Aboriginals, as well as voyageurs -
Trading Between the Groups: French and Hurons
The Hurons, who were basically Iroquois because they had the same language, were the primary group who traded with the French. The French fought against the Iroquois to take control of fur trade and lost. They continued fighting until 1703. The Iroquois also wiped out the Hurons because they were taking trading business away from them. The French didn't give Hurons guns because they didn't feel like it was safe however the Iroquois were armed right away. -
Royal Government
In the beginning, the King has a system in New France called mercantilism, which destroyed New France because the companies in charge didn't develop the colony's population or economy. The King ended the monopoly and placed New France under Minister of Marine Colbert, who decided, with the help of the King, they needed to implement the Royal Government. The Royal Government is the first official government in New France, where the King is as hands-on as he can be -
The Sovereign Council (part 2)
built roads and set up industries. Also, he was part of the justice system and seigneurial system of New France. The Bishop was appointed by the Pope, and his job was to be administer over parishes, hospitals, schools and charities. Basically, he was in charge of all the religious aspects. Lastly, the Captain of Militia, who wasn't really part of the council but still held a lot of power. He dealt with issues on seigneurs and was the General of the seigneur army. -
Power Relation Between Colony and Mother Country
The mother country greatly influenced the decisions of their colony. They knew what was going on because the Minister of Marine would get info from the Sovereign Council and tell the King, and the King would make choices for them under the Absolute Monarchy. This meant the King names the administrators of the colony and can reverse any decisions they make. He picks the intendant, bishop, governor and captain of militia (sometimes) -
The Sovereign Council
The King and Minister of Marine would stay in France as the Sovereign Council was in charge of New France. The council was made up of 4 members: governor, intendant, bishop and Captain of Militia. The governor was the highest rank. He was commander of army and defence and he dealt with external affairs with British and Natives. The intendant was the most influential person, you'd go to him if you wanted something. He was the chief administrator, controlled the budget, collected taxes... -
Life in New France
In New France the settlers were happy but worked extremely hard because work to be done everyday. Depending their gender, theyd fix tools, clean the house, cut wood, etc. These habitants became self-dependent because the colony itself wasn't developing, therefore they became autonomous. By 1760 they became a distinct group of people known as the Canadiens, tough & hardworking. Life was different compared to France because there were less rich, so the poor were accepted and treated as equals -
The Peace Treaty
The Peace Treaty (also known as the Great Peace of Montreal) was established between New France and $0 First Nations in North America. It was signed on August 4th of 1701 by Louis-Hector de Calliere, the governor of New France, and 1300 representatives of 40 aboriginal nations. The French allied with the Hurons and Algonquins, providing 16 years of peaceful interactions, relations and trade before was started again. It kept peace by making the French and Natives agree to not cause problems -
The Articles of Capitulation
The Articles of Capitulation was a document signed that gave the terms under which the French would surrender. These rules were established until the war in Europe ended, just so that the colony can have some order until then. The rules were that the French Militia and the regular Canadiens can return home or stay in New France and keep their property, the French Regular military had to lay down their arms and go back to France, the people could practice the Catholic Religion but the Bishop -
The Articles of Capitulation (part 2)
was forced to leave because they didn't want someone of the opposing religion to have a lot of power in the colony (they didn't remove it completely because people would protest) and lastly the people who stayed would become British Subjects. In the end, there wasn't any mass deportation because only the military and the wealthy left because they were either forced or could afford to. Most people stayed because New France was there home and they knew nothing about France. -
The Treaty of Paris
After the 7 year war ended in France, the Treaty of Paris is signed. All the territory that was known as New France, besides the island of St.Pierre and the island of Miquelon, was officially given to the King of England and under his control. To assimilate the French Canadians, he put in place the Royal Proclamation. The British are naturally big-headed people who think they're better than everyone, especially after they won the war. Their goal was to make the French the minority -
The Royal Proclamation
The goal of the Royal Proclamation was to assimilate the French. The royal proclamation gives the King's new colony the name of the Province of Quebec and decreases the borders to just around the St-Lawrence river valley. Also, a civilian Government to run the new colony: the King appointed a Governor who then appointed members of an Executive Council to advise him what happens. Criminal laws and Civil laws were English and unused land would be divided by the Township System (seigneurial system) -
The Royal Proclamation (part 2)
There was no new bishop to be allowed when the last one passed away, so there was no French religious leader) and no Roman Catholics could hold public office. The way the King did this was by putting them all together to watch over them as well as taking many of their rights away. No new French speaking people were allowed in the Province of Quebec, they only allowed english immigrants. Most of the British people who came were rich merchants who filled the places of the French elite -
Difficulties of the first government
James Murray found the Royal proclamation unworkable because the French Canadians represented 99% of the population while the British were only 1%. Assimilation was realistically impossible, so he bent the rules to have peace and make the make the majority happy. The English people hated him because of this, they thought he wasn't supporting his fellow protestants and favouring the catholics -
Rules Bent in the Royal Proclamation and the Outcome
To satisfy the french Canadians, Murray bent some rules. Firstly, he allowed a new Bishop (Monseigneur Brand) and allowed French laws in the lower courts. Also, he didn't call an elected assembly because it would favour the English Merchants. The English Merchants were strongly opposed to these policies and demanded a new Governor. They got Guy Carleton. Carleton agreed with the policies made by Murray, mostly because he wanted to have their loyalty as the Americans were demanding independence. -
Nobody is happy in the Province of Quebec
The 13 colonies were unhappy because they fought to gain control of the Ohio valley and it was denied to them. The British Merchants were unhappy because they wanted to have power through an elected assembly similar to the one in the 13 colonies. Also, they expected the colony to favour English interests. The French weren't happy because all the laws favoured the british merchants and they were scared of the Proclamation. Also, people were uneasy about the lack of guarantees to their religion -
The Quebec Act
The Quebec act enlarged the area of quebec, denied an elected assembly, appointed council, instated French civil laws, tithe and seigneurial system, and lastly the Test Act Oath was replaced with the Test Oath of Allegiance where you swear you are loyal to the king while keeping your religion. All these factors made the Americans very upset because they fought for the land and won it but now it was French land, they wanted to expand to west but Britain said no and they got taxed on everything. -
Effects of the Loyalists
36000 loyalists came to Canada, majority of them settling in the Maritimes. 6000 loyalists came to Quebec, majority of them settling in West of Montreal. The English population increased from 1% 10%. The loyalists were use to certain things from the 13 colonies, like having English civil laws and having elected assemblies, so they wrote petitions to London for a change. -
The States
The states (13 colonies) were very upset and wanted independence. Up until 1763, the Americans needed British protection from the French and wanted Western expansion to Ohio Valley. However, Britain wasn't happy with the 13 colonies because they didn't give enough during the war, so to punish them they taxed them a lot when doing trade. The American war of Independence takes place. Americans won, some people say the British just left. All the loyalists left and went to Canada, including Quebec. -
The Constitutional Act
In the Constitutional Act, the Province of Quebec gets split in 2 pieces called Upper Canada (up river) and Lower Canada (down river). Lower Canada was entirely French (160000 people) and Upper Canada was entirely English (20000 people). The Ottawa River is the boundary between them. In Lower Canada, the French kept their religion, civil laws and the people can work in administration. In Upper Canada, the protestants kept their religion, they used townships and english civil laws -
Representative Government
The Representative Government was a fake government to make the population of the 2 Canada's feel like they have power in the government. Only the chosen men have say and if the king has the power to veto everything. The king has the most power over both Canada's, then the British Parliament and then each Canada had their own governor, lieutenant governor, executive council, legislative council and legislative assembly. The governor was appointed by parliament, called assemblies in session, -
Representative Government (part 2)
commanded forces and held down Veto power which meant he can deny laws. The Lieutenant governor acted as deputy governor. the executive council advised the governor what was going on. The legislative council approved or rejected laws from the assembly. They were generally upper class english business men. the legislative assembly had to power to make taxes and create laws. They were usually the poor French farmers. Laws would never get created because of the opposing interests -
Faults in Representative Government
The Legislative Assembly had the power to make laws but whenever they tried to they were shut down by the Government and Council who had veto power. Also, the wealthy governor and council members priorities were to invest money in big business and taxing property. They wanted canals and railways to help their business. The legislative assembly members wanted to tax goods, not property, and didn't want to invest in large projects that didn't benefit them. Also, there were constant language issues -
Immigration in the Two Canada's
Most immigrants settled in Upper Canada because the spoke English but some settled in Lower Canada, like the Irish, because they were Catholic like the French. This greatly increased the population of both Canada's, making Upper Canada larger than Lower Canada. In 1791, Lower Canada's population was 150 000 and Upper Canada's population was 10 000. In 1861, Lower Canada's population became 1 152 000 and Upper Canada's population became 1 396 000. -
The 92 Resolutions
Louis Joseph Papineau, leader of the Parti Patriote, wrote the 92 Resolutions that he sent to Great Britain. The resolutions were a list of the assemblies demands that will help the Francophones. Their main demand was for responsible government, where the members of the councils were selected from elected assembly. The document was sent to the British Government to be looked at -
Growing Discontent in Lower Canada
The Constitutional Act established representative government, but those who were elected had no real power so tension grew. In 1830, 2 parties formed: British Party and Parti Patriote. The British Party were the rich British merchants who controlled the councils and spent money on public works while the Parti Patriote were the lower class French farmers who controlled the assembly and had power over taxes. The 2 groups were so different that no negotiations every occurred. -
The 10 Resolutions
Lord John Russell responded to the 92 Resolutions by writing the 10 Resolutions. The 10 Resolutions didn't solve any problems, in fact, it caused more problems because it gave the more power to the councils, opposite of what the Parti Patriote wanted. The response was taking as a huge insult and rebellion broke out within the Canada's -
Rebellions in the 2 Canada's
Upper Canada's rebellion was lead by William Lyon Mackenzie but was quickly put down, unlike Lower Canada's rebellion. Lower Canada's rebellion was lead by Louis Joseph Papineau and only after several battles was it that they were put down. They won the battle in St-Denis, but lost the battles in St-Charles and St-Eustache. The Patriote lost the battles because they were poorly organized and didn't have enough support outside Montreal. The rebellions resulted in public hangings and exiles. -
Lord Durham's Recommendations
Lord Durham was sent to the 2 Canada's to see what happened and give his opinion on what to do to make sure it never happens again. His recommendations were to increase British immigration to assimilate the French, unite the 2 Canada's so that the English would be majority and install a Responsible Government to eliminate Veto power. At first, these recommendations were rejected. -
Act of Union
The 4th constitution, Act of Union, was based off of Lord Durham's recommendations. The Act of Union created the Province of Canada, consisting of Canada East (Lower Canada) and Canada West (Upper Canada) where there is 1 political structure instead of 2, it made Canada West and East each have 42 members in its assembly, the governor still had Veto power and lastly Canada East and West would equally pay for Canada's debt, which wasn't good for Canada East because Canada West had a huge debt. -
The Structure of Responsible Government
With Responsible Government, the ordinary people would still elect the members of the Legislative Assembly, but the Prime Minister (head of the party with the most votes) would form the Executive Council. The Executive Council proposed laws that had to be approved by the Legislative Assembly. The Governor and the Legislative Council were still appointed but didn't intervene with what was going on with the other groups even though the British Merchants pressured them to. -
Influence of the Church
Bishops were becoming more and more powerful. They influenced everyday life, made up the rules for what was acceptable in society, in charge of education and charities and were powerful leaders in the community. Churches were in charge of registering births, deaths and marriages and even started universities, orphanages and charities. The church attendance was still extremely high. -
Politics in the 1860's
The political system has become responsible but no one could agree on who should be in charge because no party was winning majority government. Quebec, Ontario, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick and PEI all agreed they should have some king of merger. The 5 provinces held 3 conferences to discuss the plan, make it work and officialize it -
The Charlottetown Conference
In September of 1864, the leaders of Canada West/East met with the leaders of New Brunswick, Nova Scotia and PEI to discuss if they want to merge and form a country. They all voted yes, putting the plan into action -
The Quebec Conference
In October 1864, the leaders of the last 5 provinces, and Newfoundland, met and agreed on 72 resolutions that would make a merger possible. These resolutions were to have a federal system where one system of government oversees all the provinces, each colony gets 24 seats (NB, NS, PEI share the 24 seats, "rep by pop" where more people got more seats and build a railway between the provinces. NFDL and PEI withdrew because a railway had no use to them so they didn't want to pay for it. -
The London Conference
In 1867, the leaders of 4 colonies met to make arrangements to release from the British Empire and have their own self-governing colony, this is how the Dominion of Canada was created. Now, the Dominion of Canada is its own country that plenty of other colonies joined between 1870 to 1949. However, they needed London to sign the official documents because they still belonged to London -
Federal vs Provincial Responsibilities
With the new federal government, some responsibilities changed. The federal government was in charge of defense, banking and money, postal service and criminal law and the provincial government was in charge of education, municipal, hospitals and property and civil -
WW1 vs WW2
In world war 1, England and Canada ran out of soldiers to fight the war so a conscription was put in place to force people to go to war. All the quebeckers didn't want to fight the war because they didn't feel like it was their war. However, in world war 2, some Quebeckers felt like it was their responsibility to fight so they did, however some still didn't believe it was their war. -
Duplessis and the Roman Catholic Church
Under Duplessis, church continued to control education, hospitals, orphanages and welfare services. It was also very influential in government, unions and caisses populaire.The church continued to promote large families, rural life and Christian values as well, which is what Duplessis loved the most. He loved church and people who attended it. -
Duplessis and the Role of State
Duplessis continued to believe that the state should not intervene in the social or economic sectors. All the government did under him was subsidies the Church and anyone favouring his mentalities. He only did low risk deals and never invested himself because if he invested there wasn't a guarantee he was going to get money back. For example, he was okay with American's coming to invest because they would also be paying taxes and working, ensuring Quebec profit and money. It was a low risk deal. -
Duplessis and the Union Leaders
The union leaders accused Duplessis of opposing social progress and serving the American interests instead of the Quebec workers interests. Throughout this period, there were numerous strikes in Quebec, some of which the church supported. This caused a big conflict of interest because he didn't like the unions but he loved the church -
Duplessis and Intellectuals/Journalists
Intellectuals like Trudeau and Levesque opposed the Duplessis government and attacked its conservative nature of the Quebec society because it made Quebec go back to the dark ages as the rest of the world was advancing. They did this in newspapers, magazine articles and television programs. -
Duplessis' Popularity with the Quebeckers
Duplessis was popular with the Quebeckers because he defended and strongly believed in the Quebec ways. Even more so, he pushed Quebec independence. He did this by rejected federal funds for schools and roads, adopted the fleurdelise as Quebec's flag in 1948, introduced a provincial income tax in 1954, etc. Overall, he really wanted Quebec to be independent, like most of the Quebeckers did. -
Duplessis and Rural Life
Duplessis loved rural communities because it was believed that they lived by and promoted traditional values like family life, gratifying work and religious beliefs, things that Duplessis loved. He made agriculture the number 1 economic activity in Quebec, pushing the farming life and giving jobs to the farms. He also thought it avoided problems like unemployment and people not attending church -
Nationalist policies of Duplessis
In 1948, Duplessis adopted the fleurdelise as Quebec's flag and in 1954 he introduced a provincial income tax plan. Also, he continuously rejected fundings from the federal government. rather it be for universities or roads. He wanted to prove that Quebec was truly independent -
Power Relations Between Union Movements and The State
Unions were here to help workers get the rights they deserve regarding health, safety and children like laws on public education, minimum working age, minimum salary, pay equity, etc. Unions came with the first wave of industrialization. At first, strikes of unions became partially legal in 1872 but then the Padlock Law of 1937 gave unions the right to strike. There were also a lot of other events like the implantation of American Unions in 1880 and the Royal Commission from 1886 to 1889. -
The Quiet Revolution
In 1960, the Quiet Revolution in Quebec began with the electoral defeat of the Union Nationale by Jean Lesage and his liberal party. It is the rapid and far-reaching process of social, economic and political reform in Quebec. Quebec was trying to catch up with the rest of the world so it was a period of modernization as well as the beginning of the modern day women -
Main Features in the Quiet Revolution
The liberals and intellectuals had 3 goals: to make Quebec's government the major force behind Quebec's social and economic development by increasing the role of the state, to modernize Quebec's education system to have parent committees and free public education until the age of 16 and to weaken the influence of the church and end Quebec's political isolation. They succeeded in all 3 areas -
Power Relations Between Financial Circles and The State
Businessmen would involve themselves in politics to access grants, laws and regulations that favour them and their companies. Also, businesses fund political parties, which causes scandal and is very corrupt. The business' get involved in elections and it benefits them because if they put money in a campaign and the person wins, then they will get money or media. Lastly, the state takes control of certain sectors in the economy, subsidizes Quebec's companies and recognizes rights of employees. -
Power Relations Between Union Movements and the State
The industrial revolution brought unions, who were basically groups of people (usually workers) who fought for the better of the workers. They demanded rights and laws regarding health, safety and the protection of children. They fought for things like minimum wage, laws on public education, pay equity, minimum working age of children and more. They would strike a lot, which was only partially legal in 1872 and became fully legal in 1944 with the Adoption of the Labour Relations Act. -
Power Relations Between Feminist Movements and the State
The women's movement references females and their struggle to obtain equality. There were many milestones with the feminist movement. For example, in 1961, Marie Casgrain became the first woman to be elected in the Legislative Assembly. Also, in 1965, the Federation des femmes de Quebec was founded which revised Civil Code, established maternity leave, decriminalized abortion and more. Lastly, in 1996, the law on pay equity was adopted, where men and women doing equal jobs get payed equally. -
Power Relations Between the Media and the State
In the 19th century, political parties controlled the content of newspapers and used it as a platform and a source of propaganda. In the 20th century, politicians started using other sources of media to promote themselves and their image, like radio and TV. To most political people, the media was a power. -
Power Relations Between Nationalist Movements and The State
The Quebeckers were very proud of their recent achievements so nationalist sentiments were developing. A few Quebec nationalist parties formed, like MSA, RN, RIN and the FLQ. FLQ was the worse group because they used violent measures to try and make Quebec independent, forcing Trudeau to put the war measure act in place. The main goal of all of these organizations was to attain independence for Quebec from Canada -
Power Relations Between Linguistic Groups
Quebeckers are upset that they aren't getting paid equally as the Anglophones and don't have the same job opportunities as them. This is because English is a common business language, so francophones are at a disadvantage, especially if they only got a French education. Bring bilingual is super advantageous, thats why French laws that make some kids only go to French schools is a burden. -
Bill 22 and Bill 101
The Bill 22 is also known as the Official Language Act, where everything is officially French. It is also the first bill that makes French the official language. Bill 101 is the act where they make the French language priority. Only French signs are allowed in public places and only children with parents who have an english education can attend english schools, all others need to go to French school. The english fought back with Bill 178 and Bill 86. -
The 2 Referendums
In 1980, Levesque gave the people the choice to separate from Canada and become an independent country and be Quebeckers or if they want to stay in Canada and stick to being Canadian. All that was needed to go through with the separation was 50% +1 vote, but the separatists only got 40% votes. In 1995, Parizeau tried this again, except he made people vote if Quebec should have more rights, then if it was majority yes separation would be a possibility. However, they lost again with 49.4% votes -
Constitution Act and The Charter of Rights and Freedom
In 1982, Trudeau met with the provincial leaders to discuss a method to separate from the British Empire and become fully independent.This was the first attempt to try and unify all the provinces, it was the Charter of Rights and Freedom (Constitution Act) However, even though they became independent, Quebec didn't take part of this because they wanted to separate from Canada. -
Meech Lake Accord and the Charlottetown Agreement
In 1984, Mulroney tried a package that would satisfy Quebec and all the other provinces. It was called the Meech Lake Accord. In the end, it got refused by Newfoundland and Manitoba. The last attempt was the Charlottetown Agreement in 1992. This sought the same as the other 2 and was voted against by the people. It promoted Quebec and Aboriginal rights as well. -
Native Issues
Firstly, there was the Oka Crisis of 1990. Mohawk warriors put boundaries around their reserve to stop the expansion of a 9 hold golf course on their land. The crisis lasted 78 days and the Canadian Forces got involved to end the situation. The Charlottetown Accord was created to deal with these issues by creating rights/laws and mending bridges, however it failed. There was also the James Bay and Northern Quebec Agreement of 1975 and a lot of other agreements to solve Native Issues.
