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1500
First Occupants
The Natives didn't have any official leadership, but the roles of leadership were distributed to different people in different groups.
Iroquois society: Matriarchy, meant that the leadership and the decisions were the responsibility of the women.
Algonquians Society: Patriarchy, meant the father played the main role in their leadership. -
Relations of Power Between the Church and the state
During the 17th century, the church made all the political decisions because of it's roles in the Sovereign Council. Priests were everywhere, they were in charge of parishes, they worked as missionaries, and nuns worked in hospitals. The kings power was based on the Divine Right of Kings. Under the old system, companies that had a monopoly were destroying New France. Due to this bad system, the king made a Minister of Marine to implement the royal government. -
French Regime
The Hurons were the primary group to trade resources with the French. The Hurons Fought against the Iroquois so they could take over the control of the fur trade territory. They lost and the French fought until 1703. The English were allied with the Iroquois, they fought against the French for control of the fur trade. They almost wiped out all of the Hurons. The coureurs des bois were formed, they were French settlers that went deep into the forest and traded with the Natives. -
Royal Government
In 1663, the royal government was installed. It consisted of a minister of marine, a sovereign council (bishop, intendant, and governor), and the captain of militia. The governor was the highest rank, he was the commander of the army, defense, etc. The intendant was the chief administrator, he controlled the budget, collected taxes, etc. The bishop administered schools, hospitals, etc. The Captain of Militia was not on the council but they dealt with issues on seigneuries. -
The Great Peace of Montreal
This is a treaty that was signed between New France and 40 First Nations of North America. This was signed in 1701 by the governor of France, Louis-Hector de Callière, and 1300 representatives of the First Nations. The French allied with the Hurons and Algonquians for 16 years before the war started again. This treaty is sometimes called the Grand Settlement of 1701. -
Life in New France
In New France, the settlers had happy lives but they had to work very hard. Everyday they would have to care for crops, fix tools, make clothes, prepare for winter, etc. Since New France wasn't developing, the settlers took care of themselves. In France, there was the very rich and a lot starving people. There were three classes, Nobility, Bourgeoisie, and the peasants. The king had less control because of this. -
British Rule
When the Articles of Capitulation was made in 1760, New France was under control of the British. This document was made when the French were defeated, it consisted of the following; The French Militia could go back home. The French military had to leave and put down their arms. The people could still practice R.C but the bishop had to leave. The people who stayed would be British Subjects. Only the Elite left the colony because they could afford to leave. The new governor was James Murray. -
Royal Proclamation (1)
The Treaty of Paris ended the 7 years war. All of the territory of New France was given to the king of England except two tiny islands. Then since the king knew the colony was under his control, he had to do something about the subjects that spoke French. He put in a constitution to try and assimilate the French. This constitution changed the colony's name to Province of Quebec, Decreased the border around St-Lawrence Valley. -
Royal Proclamation (2)
The king also put in place a civilian Government to run the Colony. He appointed a governor who appointed members of an Executive Council to help the governor. English Criminal and Civil Laws were applied. Unused land would be divided by a Township System. No bishop was allowed, also no Roman Catholics were allowed to hold public office. All of these changes were for the French to become more English. Many English speaking people were immigrating, whom most of them were rich merchants. -
Difficulties of the Governor (1)
James Murray was the first governor put in place to assimilate the French, but it was not easy. He discovered the the Royal Proclamation was unworkable because only 1% was the english population. So to make the French population happy he bent the rules. He allowed French laws in the lower court, he didn't call an elected assembly because it would favour the English. The English weren't happy about this so they asked the king to have a new governor. They got Guy Carleton. -
Difficulties of the Governor (2)
Guy Carleton kept the same policies of Murray because he wanted to have the French's loyalty. He wanted their loyalty because the Americans were starting to gain their independence and he didn't want the French teaming up with the Americans and take over Quebec. Nobody was happy in Province of Quebec. 13 colonies weren't happy because they were denied control of Ohio Valley, the British merchants weren't happy because they didn't get an elected assembly. Canadians didn't like the changes. -
The Quebec Act
This act guaranteed French loyalty, enlarged Quebec, denied an elected assembly, appointed a council of 17 members, French civil laws were instated, the tithe and seigniorial system was back, and the Test Act Oath was in place. All of these factors made the Americans very angry. In the States, the americans wanted Ohio Valley, Britain was not happy with 13 colonies because they didn't give enough in war. Britain wanted control on trade and tax the americans because they traded with the French. -
Loyalists
After the American revolution, the loyalists moved up to Canada. 36,000 came to Canada and 6,000 of them came to Quebec.The English population in Quebec went from 1% to 10%. The loyalists settled according to the Township system, they gave their settlements English names, they also wrote petitions to London so they can have an elected assembly,etc, After years of complaining, they got their wish. -
The Constitutional Act
The Province of Quebec was split into two pieces, called Upper and Lower Canada. Lower canada was almost all French, and Upper was all English. In Lower Canada, the French kept their religion and civil laws. In Upper Canada, the protestant used the township system. Representative Government, consisted of king, British parliament. Each Canada had a governor, Executive and Legislative Council, Legislative Assembly, and ordinary people. First time people were allowed to be represented in Canada. -
Power Relations between the Media and the State
In the 19th century, control of newspapers by political parties (propaganda). In the early 20th century, dissemination of political views by newspapers, for example, le devoir the 20th century, dissemination of mass information through radio and television: influence on public opinion, politicians used media for their image and to promote their parties.The media is for many the 4th power. -
The Patriots
The leader of the Patriotes was Louis Joesph Papineau. He wrote the 92 resolutions to Britain. This consisted of demands that helped the French. The main demand was for a Responsible Government. The British Government responded with 10 resolutions, which didn't resolve anything for the French, just gave more power to the English. In response, the Patriotes attacked in both Canada's. In result, 12 Patriotes were hanged outside a prison as a symbol and 58 were exiled to Australia basically to die. -
The rebellions
Most settled in Upper Canada because they spoke English but some went to Lower because they were catholic. They increased the population in both Canada's. They felt that even though they could be elected, they had no power.
British Party: Controlled councils, they spent money on public works.
Parti Canadian: Controlled the assembly, power of taxes.
The issue was that since both groups were different, no negations happened. Some people known as "Patriotes" wanted to have a violent uprising. -
Act of Union
Lord Durnham recommended that Britain should increase immigration to assimilate the French, both canada's should unite, and responsible government should get rid of veto power. in 1840, a constitution was made which united Canada's, was divided into east and west. They both had 42 members to the assembly. Canada east and west would equally pay for debts. Also veto power was still in action. -
Politics in the 1860's
The Charlottetown Conference: Leaders of Canada East/West met with the leaders of the three Maritime Provinces, and they agreed on a merger.
The Quebec Conference: Same members of last time plus Newfoundland agrees on 72 resolutions that would make the merger happen; 24 seats to each colony and built a railway between colonies.
The London Conference: The leaders of the 4 colonies met to make the Dominion of Canada. The capital was/is Ottawa. This was create under the British North America Act. -
Power of the Church
After 1837, the bishops became more and more powerful. The church was still in charge of registering births, deaths, and marriages. The catholic church controlled education, orphanages, shelters, charities, etc. The protestant ministers were influential as well but not as powerful. -
Advances in the rights of Women
Foundation of the National Council of Women (1893); actions of the suffragettes.1961:They elected the first woman to the Legislative Assembly of Quebec (Marie-Claire Kirkland-Casgrain).
1964: 16, which ended the legal incapacity of married women.
1965: Foundation of the Federation des femmes du Quebec (revised Civil Code, establishment of maternity leave, decriminalization of abortion, equality (in theory) of men and women); 1996: law on pay equity is adopted. -
The Quiet Revolution
The Quiet Revolution began in Quebec after the electoral defeat of the Unione Nationale and the Liberal Party. This can be described as fast process of social, economic and political reform. Main elements were: Increasing role of the state in transportation and hydroelectricity, modernizing the educational system and let it catch up to rest of provinces, weakening the influence of the church, etc. -
Bill 101
This Bill made the official language of Canada, French meaning that all the public signs and restaurents would have to be written in french. -
Seperatists
Some people in the province of Quebec wanted to seperate from canada, Did they try? Yes, did they succeed, no the margin of difference was so slim it wasn't even 1%
