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The Problem of Induction
One of the most influential and controversial views on the problem of induction has been that of Karl Popper, announced and argued in "The Logic of Scientific Discovery". Popper held that induction has no place in the logic of science. Science in his view is a deductive process in which scientists formulate hypotheses and theories that they test by deriving particular observable consequences. -"The Logic of Scientific Discovery", 1934 Reference: -https://iep.utm.edu/pop-sci/#H7 -
Falsifiability
Popper argues that science should adopt a methodology based on falsifiability, because no number of experiments can ever prove a theory, but a reproducible experiment or observation can refute one. According to Popper: "non-reproducible single occurrences are of no significance to science. Thus a few stray basic statements contradicting a theory will hardly induce us to reject it as falsified. We shall take it as falsified only if we discover a reproducible effect which refutes the theory" -
Criterion of Demarcation
Popper focuses on what he calls the problem of demarcation, or the problem of distinguishing scientific (or empirical) theories from non-scientific theories. In particular, Popper aims to capture the logical or methodological differences between scientific disciplines, such as physics, and non-scientific disciplines. -"The Logic of Scientific Discovery", 1934 References: -https://iep.utm.edu/pop-sci/#H7 -https://youtu.be/phxR8VxJGuI -
Conjectures and Refutations
Conjectures and Refutations, provides one of the clearest and most accessible statements of the fundamental idea that guided his work: not only our knowledge, but our aims and our standards, grow through an unending process of trial and error. It says that any solution creates a new problem, one that is often not anticipated by the problem solvers. All problems seek solutions that create new problems. -"Conjectures and Refutations: The Growth of Scientific Knowledge", 1963