-
Period: 504 to 604
caracteristic of the gregorian chant
-It has a monophonic texture, without instrumental accompaniment.
-It uses a modal scales and is in free time to help to comunicate the meaning of the text.
-The text is in latin with a rerligious theme.
-It's performed by male voices and alternatives between a soloist and the choir, or between two choirs. -
Period: 600 to
Compositional forms in the barroque period
SECULAR VOCAL MUSIC: romance, villancico and ensalada
INSTRUMENTAL MUSIC: fugue, suite, sonata and concerto
RELIGIOUS VOCAL FORMS: cantata, oratorio and passion -
Period: 601 to 801
The Roman Catholic Church
the roman catholic church complied its liturgical plainsongs. We call this musical repertoire Gregorian Chant. -
801
Liturgical polyphony
A second voice was added to plainsong and polyphony was born -
Period: 801 to 900
Secular vocal music
Characteristics:
-It has a monophonic texture, but with instrumental accompaniment.
-It uses modal scales and rhythmic modes.
-It's designed for fun or entertaniment.
-It's perfomed by male and female voices. -
Period: 992 to 1050
Guido d'Arezzo
Was a teacher in the cathedral school in Adrezzo, Italy. As well as inventing the guidonian hand, he created the four lines stave and gave the notes the names that we still use today. To do this, he used a hymn dedicated. He didn't take in account the note "Si", because in those times people thought that this note belonged to the devil. -
May 20, 1033
written signed by Guido d' Arezzo
-
Period: 1089 to 1179
Hildegard Von Bigned
was a german run, writer, scientist and composer. From an earlyage, she experienced mystics visions and she said that these visions were accompanied bu music. She composed a total of 78 liturgical pieces of music for her congregation, grouped together in the Shymponya Armoniae Celestium Revelationumn and the first surviving liturgical drama. Hildelgard said that singing was a manifestation of the divine spirit of humanity.. -
1201
Mensural notation
Started to be used at the end of the 13th century -
1201
First symbols of the Mensural notation
-Organun: it's the earliest form. the main voice was a Gregorian melody and a second, parallel voice was aded.
-Discantus: it appear later. A new voice was added to the Gregorian melody thet moved in contrary motion.
-Conductus: it was a nez composition for two or four voices. The same textwas sung by all the voices, with the same rhythm, in the syllabic style. -
Period: 1201 to 1300
Goliards
In the middle ages, there were also goliards, who were wandering clerics or medicant students. In the 13th century there were lots of them. Many goliards wrote poetry in latin, wich was often satirical or critical of the church and those who had more power. Carmina Burana is a famous collection of this type of compositions and the manuscript dates back to the 12th and 13th centurie.s -
1300
RELIGIOUS VOCAL MUSIC
Three main forms
-Motet: it already existed in Middle Ages.This form becamemore important,religious and included more parts
-Mass: it was a long composicion with liturgical texts,written in latin. It was based on the fixed parts of the religious ceremony
-Chorale:it was the most common musical form in the protestant liturgy. It was based on pre-existing melodies sung in the vernacular with a simple texture and an AAB structure -
1300
SECULAR VOCAL MUSIC
-ITALY: madrigal
-ENGLAND: numerous songs for one voice with instrumental accompaniment were written.
-FRANCE: chason.
-SPAIN: -Romance: popular poetic ballads that told both true and fictional stories. -Villancico:it had popular origins,its name come from the tunes that peasants sang in the villages. -Ensalada:this composition was a combination of differents forms, languages and polyphonic textures. -
1400
INSTRUMENTAL MUSIC
Forms:
-Copositions based on vocal music: instrumentalist, who usually accompanied vocal pieces, used these as a base for instrumental works
-compositions with an improvisational feel: composersstarted to write down any brief improvised pieces that were of good musical quality
-variations: it consisted of the exposition of a short musical theme followed by some variations on it,in Spain it was called diferencias -
Period: 1400 to
RENAISSANCE MUSIC
The distinction between religious and secular music continued.Characteristics:
-It was composed for several parts
-It was composed using medieval modal scales
-It had a defined and regular rhythm -
Basso continuo
It is a kind of accompaniment that consits on chords and the base melody performed by a harpsichord or an organ. Frecuently the base melody appears reinforced by a lower instrument, like double bass, for example. -
Baroque instrumental music
Became more important thanks to tecnical developmentsin instruments and the work of the luthiers. Another important reason was that performances start to specialise and the firts virtuosos appeard. -
Religious vocal music in the baroque
Cantataa. consisted of a sequence of recitatives, arias and choruses
oratorio: was similar to opera, but with a religious plot, a narrator and a large choir.
Passion. similar to oratorio but related only the death and passion of Christ -
Opera in the Baroque
The opera is a secular vocal form that aimed to revive classical Greek theatre. It first appard in Italy as along narrative composition, performed on stage. -
Period: to
THE BARROQUE PERIOD
It started with the appearance of opera and ended with the death of Johann Sebastian Bach.
In this period instrumental music became just as important as vocal music and the first works written for the orchestra appeared -
Period: to
Characteristics of Baroque music
-Aimed to arouse emotions
-Spectacular performance
-Diatonic scales
-Mechanical rythm
-Homophony -
Period: to
Instruments of the Baroque
-Chordophones: violin(https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L5skSFHVJHk), cello(https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KH7Mli_cKEs), double bass(https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dt-bNf6h0tI), Baroque guitar(https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FepAWlgqt2w)
-Aerophones: flute(https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uolRZGD9aik),oboe(https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WMLSwqAOzHo), bassoon(https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PYOPQuhdoQM),trumpet
Membranophones: kettledrums -
Opera is born
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3h-fP4zSH40
Parts:
-Overture: introduction
-Interlude: gives time for scene changes
-Recitative: helps to tell the story. Semi-sung part.
-Aria: soloists sing, expressive melodies
-Chorus: all the singers sing -
Period: to
Birth of some instrumental forms
-Fugue (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ddbxFi3-UO4)
-Suite (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2CM_J3r-Nt4)
-Sonata (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VFeRTANr_sw)
-Concerto (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OOlc2PAiWUU) -
Period: to
THE CLASSICAL PERIOD
The most important composers are Franz Joseph Haydn, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart and Ludwig van Beethoven
Between the early Modern period and the late Moder period, which started in 1789
-the age of the Enlightenment: it was a reforminst movement of the 18 century, defended de use of the "light"
-The First Industrial Revolution: in the 18 century appeared the Machinery started be used
-Neoclassicism: the name of the music in the classical period -
VOCAL MUSIC
Opera seria Christoph Willibald Gluck with 3 acts structure mythological or history plots
Opera buffa Mozart in Naples It used every situations for its plots added comedy or romace and the lenguage that was easy to understad -
INSTRUMENTS FORMS
consists in 4 movements:
-Exposition: (A) two main themes. Theme A and the Theme B have a Coda and a bridge
-Development (B)
-Reexposition (A´) repetition of the exposition final coda
OTHER MUSIC FORMS
-Minuet: ABA theme a and b
-Rondo:ABACA theme a which alternate swith diferent episodes or verses(B,C)
-Theme and variations AA1A2A3 theme A with some variationsç
THEW ORCHESTRA
the harpsichord and the basso continuo stopped be used and the clarinet, French horn and the piano be incorporated -
Bach dies. Baroque finishes.
-
Birth of the orchestra
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rOjHhS5MtvA
Sections:
Basso continuo: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nqGAkuGLBe0
Strings: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=izQsgE0L450
Wind: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fqmaijbqpOI
Percussion: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-lJctvybAJ8 -
Vocal Music
Opera:
-In Italy: giochiano, Gaetano and Vincenzo, they were the most famous composers of bel canto. Giacomo represented a movement from the end of the 19 century called verismo.
-In France: Giacomo and Jacques composers in Paris. meyebeer create the grand opera. Offenbach, create the operetta.
-In Germany: Rychard started to use techniques like infinite melody, with hardly any breaks, or the leitmotiv. -
Period: to
The Romantic Period
-
Compositions for piano
Short pieces for solo piano: they were simple and free musical structure. Aimed to show the virtuosity of the performers
Chamber music: was performed in concert halls or private concerts, was also played in duets, trios, quartets and quintets with other string and wind instruments
Longer works: included concertosfor piano and orchestra -
Music in the romantic period
It is characterised by:
Wanting to be free from Classical rules
Aiming for the virtuosity
Melody is an important mean of expression
Using a wider vocabulary on scores
Use melody-dominated homophony
aim the uniy in the piece of music -
Zarzuela
There were two distintics typees of zarzuela:
-Zarzuela grande: in three acts, had a large amount of choruses and more singing than spoken.
-Genenro chico:ad just one act, fewer characters and more spoken text tnah singing -
Lied
Is a poem set to simple music, accompained by the piano, which aims to reinforce the contets of the text. It was composers by the german composers, like: Schubert, Schumanm, and other ones. -
Romantic dance and ballet
Out side of the teatres, court dances were subsituted for ballroom dances. Of these dances, the waltz became very popular. specially in Vienna. -
Nacionalism
-Russia: there were composers like, Borodin, Mussorgsky, Rimski-Korsakov and Cesar Cui
-Hungary: composers like Bela Bartok, he started ethnomusicology, a science dedicated to the study of folk and word music
-Spain: with Felipe Pedrell whose writting had a big influence on musical nacionalism. In the 20 century, composers such us: Manuel, Isaac... -
THE FIST HALF CENTURY
-
the movements on the 20 century
20 century had a lot of movements
1º half impressionism, expressionism, atonality and the 20-tone, neoclassicism and
2º halfs aleatoric music musique concrete minimal music and electronic music https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GhO-cHqhu8U
evolution of the music on the 20 century
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=--leBaulER4 -
International events
-First world war. https://youtu.be/dHSQAEam2yc
-Second world war. https://youtu.be/_uk_6vfqwTA
-Russian revolution. https://youtu.be/KOK1TMSyKcM
-Cold war. https://youtu.be/I79TpDe3t2g -
Period: to
the 20 century
most important events that happened in this century were
Technological advances like computers internet radio cinema or tv
The main international conflicts were Naci Holocaust Wall Street Crash in NY or dictatorial regimes like the fascism of Hitler
The 20 century was marked by the following international events First World War Second World War Russian revolution or Cold War
The arts in this century were a multitude of movements Impressionism Expressionism Cubism Futurism Dadaism and Surrealism