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Period: 224 to Apr 8, 651
Sasanid Empire
Iranian Empire with a capital in Ctesiphon, Mesopotomia. the Sasanid emperors established Zoroastrianism as the state religion. Islamic Arab armies overthrew the empire. -
Period: 250 to
Maya Civiliazation
Mesoamerican civilization concentrated in Mexico's Yucatan Peninsula and in Guatemal and Honduras but never unified into a single empire. Major contributions were in mathematics, astronomy, and development of the calendar. -
Period: 306 to Apr 8, 1453
Constantinople
It was the imperial capital of the Roman Empire, the Byzantine/Eastern Roman Empire, the Latin Empire and the Ottoman Empire. Throughout most of the Middle Ages, Constantinople was Europe's largest and wealthiest city. -
Period: 330 to Apr 8, 1453
Byzantine Empire
Historians' name fot the eastern portion of the roman empire from the fourth century onward, taken from Byzantium an early name for Constantinople, the byzantine capital city. The empire fell to the Ottomans in 1453. -
Apr 8, 610
Foundation of Islam
Its a monothesic religion believe on the Qur'an and Allah. Founded when Muhammad was given the revelations as he prayed. -
Apr 8, 632
Sunni & Shi'ite split
The split was caused by Shias believeing that no one should be before Ali in the caliphate since they are of no direct blood relations. Sunnis regarded him as the last caliphate. -
Period: Apr 8, 661 to Apr 8, 750
Umayyad Caliphate
First heredity dynasty of Muslim caliphs. From their capital at Damascus, the Umayyads ruled an empire that extended from Spain to India. Overthrown by the Abbasid Empire. -
Period: Apr 8, 711 to Apr 8, 1492
Muslim Conquer Spain
Islam has had a fundamental presence in the culture and history of the nation. -
Period: Apr 8, 750 to Apr 8, 1258
Abbasid Caliphate
Descendants of the Prophet Muhammad's uncle, al-Abbas, the Abbasids overthrew the Umayyad Empire and ruled an Islamic empire from their capital in Baghdad. -
Period: Apr 8, 1071 to Apr 8, 1325
Seljuk Turks
Were a Turkish tribe from Central Asia and poured into Persia. They established an enlightened tolerant government in Central Anatolia. -
Period: Apr 8, 1095 to Apr 8, 1204
Crusades
Armed pilgrimages to the Holy Land by Christians broght an end to western Europe's centuries of intellectual and cultural isolation. -
Period: Apr 8, 1167 to Apr 8, 1227
Genghis Khan
The title of temujin when he ruled the Mongols (1206-1227) (the "oceanic"or "universal" leader). He was the founder of the Mongol Empire. -
Period: Apr 8, 1174 to Apr 8, 1193
Saladin
was a Kurdish Muslim, who became the Ayyubid Sultan of Egypt and Syria. He led Islamic opposition to the Franks and other European Crusaders in the Levant. At the height of his power, he ruled over Egypt, Syria, Mesopotamia, Hejaz, and Yemen. -
Period: Apr 8, 1206 to Apr 8, 1324
Mongol Invasions
East & Central Europe, Middle East, and Asia. The result was Mongol vitory and the fall of Mongol Empire. -
Period: Apr 8, 1206 to Apr 8, 1526
Delhi Sultanate
Centralized Indian Empire created by Muslim Invaders. -
Apr 8, 1215
Magna Carta
English charter that omits certain temporary provisions, including the most direct challenges to the monarchs authority. It set down rights which became part of English law and which are now the foundation of the constitution. It did not grant any new rights, but it did protect existing rights in writing. These rights included the basic right of anyone convicted of a crime to a jury trial; protection of private property; reasonable limits on taxes and a degre -
Period: Apr 8, 1250 to Apr 8, 1517
Mamluks
Under the Islamic system of military slavery, Turkic military slave who formed an important part of the armed forces of the Abbasid caliphate of the ninth and tenth centuries. Mamluks eventually found their own state, ruling egypt and Syria. -
Period: Apr 8, 1312 to Apr 8, 1337
Masa Musa
Ruler of Mali. His pilgrimage through Egypt and Mecca in 1324-25 established the empire's reputation for wealth in the Mediterranean world. -
Period: Apr 8, 1325 to Apr 8, 1521
Aztec Civilization
Also known as Mexica, the Aztecs created a powerful empire in central Mexico. They forced defeated peoples to provide goods and labor as a tax. -
Period: Apr 8, 1336 to Apr 8, 1405
Timur
Member of a prominent family of the Mongols' Jagadai Khanate, timur through conquest gained control over much of Central Asia and Iran. He consoliated the status of Sunni Islam as orthodox, and his descendants, the Timurids, maintained his empire for nearly a century and founded the Mughal Empire in India. -
Period: Apr 8, 1337 to Apr 8, 1453
Hundreds Years war
Series of campaigns over control of the throne of France, involving Enlgish and French royal families and French noble families. -
Period: Apr 8, 1340 to
Ghana-Mali-Songhai Kingdoms
Ghana-Trade was an essential element in the rise and fall (cloth, brocades, copper, salt, valuable gold). Were invaded by Almoravids.
Mali- famous for weaving, mining, and architecture. It was better in wealth and power than Ghana. Civil wars reduced its power.
Songhai- Largest and most powerful of all 3. Famous for progress in education. Lost control of their center of learning -
Period: Apr 8, 1368 to
Ming Empire
Empire based in China that Zhu Yuanzhang established after the overthrow of the Yuan Empire. Yongle (Ming Emperor) sponsored the building of the Forbiden City and the voyages of Zheng He. after, the Ming saw a slowdown in technological development and economic decline. -
Period: Apr 8, 1371 to Apr 8, 1435
Zheng He
An imperial eunuch and Muslim, entrusted by Yongle (Ming Emperor) with a series of state voyages that took his gigantic ships through the Indian Ocean, from Southeast Asia to Africa. -
Apr 8, 1440
Gutenberg Press
(Moveable type) started the printing revolution. It uses movable components to reproduce the elements of a document -
Period: Apr 8, 1440 to
Renaissance
A period of intense artistic and intellectual activity, "rebirth" of Greco-Roman culture. -
Period: Apr 8, 1462 to Apr 8, 1505
Ivan III
Was a Grand Prince of Moscow and "Grand Prince of all Rus," also known as Ivan the Great. He tripled the territory of his state, ended the dominance of the Golden Horde over the Rus, renovated the Moscow Kremlin, and laid the foundations of the Russian state -
Period: Apr 8, 1463 to Apr 8, 1532
Inca Civilization
Largest and most powerful Andean empire. Controlled the Pacific coast of South America from Ecuador to Chile from its capital of Cuzco. -
Establishment of Holy Roman Empire
It was a realm that existed for about a millenium in central Europe ruled by the Holy Roman Emperor. Its character changed during the Middle Ages and the Early Modern period, when the power of the emperor gradually weakened in favor of the princes, especially under Habsburg rule. In its last centuries, its character became quite close to a loose union of territories. -
Period: to
Sui Empire
Short Imperial Chinese dynasty which unified China, followed by the Tang. -
Period: to
Tang Empire
Empire that Unified China and part of Central Asia, The Tang emperors presided over a magnificent court at their capital, Chang'an. -
Period: to Apr 8, 1126
Song Empire
Empire in central and southern China while the Liao people controlled the north. Its distinguished for its advances in technology, medicine, astronomy, and mathematics. -
Period: to Apr 8, 1349
Kievan Russia
State established at Kiev in Ukraine by Scandinvian adventurers asserting authority over a mostly slavic farming population. -
Period: to
Charlemagne
Was the King of the Franksand Emperor of the Romans. He expanded the Frankish into an empire (most of Western and Central Europe). He conquered Italy and was crowned Imperator Augustus. He was a rival of the Byzantine Emperor.