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The nomadic Mongols originated in the late 1200s. They had premium military force because of their remarkable weapontry, and battle techniques. THis military strength was the best in the mongol era.
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The Khan (chief), Temujin was a conquerer who brought together many of the mongol clans. since he was able to fuse the mongol clans, he was given the titlw Genghis Khan, which means "Unibersal Ruler" in 1206.
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IN 227 Genghis Khan passed away. Till the point the Central Asia ad Northern China had been in control of theMongols. As Genghis Khan was dying he said to his son and grandsons, "With heaven's aid I have conquered for you a huge empire, but my life was too short to achieve the conquest of the world. That task is left for you." The empire was split into regions and each of the heirs ruled their own region. The entire empire was ruled by the Great Khan.
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The Great Khan knew that the Mongols only ruled Northern Dhina and he wanted to complete the conquest. In 1235 he began, to send Mongol invaders into the Song Dynasty. THe mongols used a war tactic such as siege warfare. Siege warfare is a miliary blockade surrounding a fort intending to conquer it. One was defended from the Mongols by kamikazi. Kamikazi in the 1235 was wind storms caused by the "gods" that crushed Mongol ships. In world war2, it was when Japanese flew suicidally at ships.
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Genghis Khan's grandson, Batu led the Golden Horde to conquer Russia in 1236. The Golden Horde was a khanate inder the Rule of Genghis Khan. It was made up of Mongols who completed the conquest of china.
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Kulai Khan became the great Khan of the Mongol Empire in 1250. His authority was over the Great Khan region. Because the Mongols only ruled the northern part of China, Kublai Khan wante to complete the conquest of China.
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Finally in 1279, the Song dynasty was defeated by the Mongols and Kublai Khan formed the Yuan dynasty. He then announced himself as the emperor. The Song dynasaty ruled for about three hudred years and had very many agricultural achievements during this time.
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Many struggles for power broke out over who would rule after Kublai Khan died in 1294. Yuan rule was crippled by these struggles and to moke things worse, floods arose and taxes were raised. These factors added to the dynasties uneasiness.
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Marco Polo returned to Venice with his father in 1295 after going on many missions in China. He was then captured in battle and imprisoned. WHile in prison he told another prisoner wrote down tales in a book, which was published and grew very popular.
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The Chinese egan to rebel Against the Yuan dynasty in the 1300s. IN 1368 a reble army conquered the Mongols. This ceased the foreign control in China.
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The Mongols were conquered by a Chinese rebel army lead aby peasant, Zhu Zuanzhang in 1368. Zhu then took the name Hongwu which means "Vastly martial."
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Im 1398 Hongwu died.
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The Forbiden City was constructed in Beijing, China in the early 1400s. It was created for China's Ming emperor and his family, court, and servants. The city was very complex and was not avalible to common chinese people. The Forbiden City symbolixed China's imperial glory.
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After the death of his father, Hongwu, Yonglo became emperor. He changed the location of the Ming capital to Beijing. There Yonglo constructed the Forbiden City. The Forbiden City was a group of builfing in the heart of Beijing built in early 1400 to contain Ming Emperors, his family, and servants. The reign was from 1402-1424.
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Seven voyages were made around the Indian Ocean nearing Africa. These voyages were led by Zheng He, a Chinese Muslim emperor. Voyages were made to expand China's dominance and showing its power. These Chinese Voyages went from 1405-1433. They included trading ships called junks which were about 400 feet long.
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The Ming strongly restricted any foreign trade and transit to minimize contact with the outside. Only at certain chinese ports were foreign merchants allowed to trade. During this time most scholars believe that the Europeans died due to black death. Black death is a plague that swept the continent from 1347 to 1351.
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In the 1500s, Europeans brought in new ideas and inventions. The Ming dynasty liked the new ideas, but wanted to continue old habits aswell.
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Ming rule brought prosperity to China. Chinese grew crops, such as rice. By the 1500s they were introduced to sweet potatoes and corn.
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Matteo Ricci, an Italian Jesuit priest, arrive in 1583. He learned the Chinese language and practiced Chinese duties to achieve approval. He became a respected member of the Ming court where he shared his knowledge of mathamatics and Science. To protect themselves from europeans, the chinese repaired the Great Wall of China. The Great Wall of China was built to protect China from invasions and was built by pesents doing grueling work.
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Ming China remained untill 1644, throughout that period they over took Korea, Mongolia and parts of Southeast and Central Asia.
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As the Ming weakened, the Manchu captured the city. The lasting emporer committed suicide to prevent being captured. After the Monchu took over, they created their own dynasty named the Qing Dynasty. Manchu queued to attack the Ming Dynasty, till they weakened. Queue means to await to proceed.
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The Qing Dynasty was the last dynasty for thousans of years. In this time, China was very prosperous under Qing rule. China expanded to its largest size in history. The dynasty lasted from 1644-1911.
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Kangxi was emperor of China from 1661 to 1722. Under his rule, China prospered. He expanded the empire and encorages arts and science.
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Dream of the Red Chamber was written by Qing writer, Cao Zhan in the 1700s. This novel examins the fall of the higher class families in China. The book grew very popular.
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Qianling ruled the empire from 1736-1796. He was the grandson of Kangxi and during his reign, China greatly prospered. Agriculture and China's population continued to grow, the economy flourished, transportation improved, and markets were created.
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A Brittish official, Lord George Macartney arrived to China in 1793. The goods he had brought along with him were inferior to the Chinese. The chinese said he must show respect to emperor Qianlong by Kowtowing. Kowtowing is kneeling at an emperors feet and bowing nine times, each time touching your forehead to the ground. When he refused, he was sent away.
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European efforts to open up China to the rest of the world eventually disolved the Qing Dynasty's imperiol rule in the 1800s.
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