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1948 - Apartheid Era Begins
-South Africa introduces apartheid, a system of institutionalized racial segregation and discrimination.
-The state denies political rights and sovereignty to the majority Black population, leading to the emergence of stateless nations within its borders. -
1960 - Sharpeville Massacre
-In Sharpeville, South African police open fire on peaceful anti-apartheid demonstrators, leading to international condemnation.
-The incident highlights the need for political change and the aspirations of the stateless nations for self-determination. -
1961 - Republic of South Africa
-South Africa becomes a republic, gaining nominal sovereignty from British colonial rule.
-However, stateless nations within its borders continue to seek recognition and self-governance. -
1976 - Soweto Uprising
-Apartheid policies lead to protests in Soweto, resulting in hundreds of student deaths.
-International pressure mounts for the democratization of South Africa and recognition of the rights of stateless nations. -
1984 - Tricameral Parliament
-South Africa introduces a Tricameral Parliament, granting limited self-governance to Coloureds and Indians but not to Black Africans.
-Critics see this as an attempt to maintain apartheid while appearing to reform, which affects the aspirations of stateless nations. -
1986 - International Sanctions
The international community imposes economic and political sanctions against South Africa, increasing pressure to end apartheid and address the demands of stateless nations. -
1990 - Nelson Mandela Released
-President F.W. de Klerk announces the unbanning of anti-apartheid organizations and the release of Nelson Mandela.
-The process of democratization and negotiations for a new, inclusive government begin, addressing the concerns of stateless nations. -
1993 - Multi-Racial Elections
South Africa holds its first multiracial elections, granting all citizens the right to vote. -
1994 - Apartheid Era Ends
-South Africa officially dismantles apartheid policies and transitions to a democracy.
-The country embraces sovereignty and inclusivity, making significant progress toward national reconciliation and addressing the rights of stateless nations. -
1996 - Constitution Adopted
-South Africa adopts a new constitution, enshrining democratic principles, human rights, and equality.
-Semi-autonomous regions like KwaZulu-Natal gain recognition and representation, addressing the aspirations of stateless nations.