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1494
Italian Wars
In 1494 King Charles VII of France invaded Italy. Doing this he began a series of wars in which France and Spain vied for control of the Italian Peninsula. -
Oct 31, 1517
Martin Luther Writes 95 Theses
It was Luther deciding to take a Public stand against the action of Johann Tetzel and share his 95 problems with indulgences. -
1524
Peasant’s War
Peasant's in German stormed castles and monasteries in rebellion. -
1534
Act of Supremacy in England
This was an oath that recognized Henry's divorce and made it so that you accepted Henry not the Pope as the official head of the England Church -
1536
John Calvin's Institutes of the Christian Religion
It was a book that expressed ideas about God, salvation, and human nature. -
1540
Jesuit order founded
Ignatius began writing a book called Spiritual Exercise that laid out a day-by-day plan of meditation, prayer, and study. By doing this he gained many followers they were called Jesuits. The pope created a religious order of his followers called the Society of Jesus. The Jesuits had 3 many activities. They founded schools, they wanted to convert non- Christians to Catholicism, and stop the spread of Protestantism. -
1542
Start of Roman Inquisition
The Roman Inquisition was made to impose religious uniformity especially focused on converting Jews and Muslims. It used harsh methods like torture to make them confess and punish heresy or a denial of the Church's teaching. -
1543
Nicolaus Copernicus publishes De revolutionibus orbium coelestium
Copernicus argued that the sun is at rest in the center of the solar system. He also said that the other planets orbiting around the sun and spinning on their axis. -
1545
Council of Trent
At the Council of Trent Catholics bishops and cardinals agreed on many doctrines. First they said that how the Church interpreted the Bible was final and the only way to do so. They also said that all Christians needed faith and good works for salvation. Another rule they decided on was the Bible and Church tradition were just as powerful authorities for guiding Christian life. An Last they said Indulgences were valid expressions of faith but selling them was not allowed. -
1555
Peace of Augsburg
The princes agreed that each ruler would decide the religion of his/their state. -
1558
Reign of Elizabeth I
She set up the Church of England the only legal Church in England. She made this so that Catholics and moderate Protestants would be able to share a sacred place. To keep both sides happy the Church allowed them to marry but the Church also kept some of the Catholic services such as rich robes. She brought religious peace to the empire. -
1560
Scotland becomes Calvinist
John Knox who was the Protestant's noble leader made Calvinism Scotland's official religion. -
1572
St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre
Catholic mobs angrily hunt for Protestants and murder them. The massacres six months and 12,000 Huguenots were killed. -
Edict of Nantes
Henry IV grants that Protestants could live in peace in France. Worship however and wherever they wanted in some French cities. -
Francis Bacon publishes Novum organum.
Bacon believed that a better understanding of the world helps scientist improve lives. He also started empiricism which is experimenting and drawing conclusions for them. -
Galileo Galilei publishes The Assayer.
First, Galileo built his own telescope. Galileo strongly supported the Copernican theory. -
Rene Descartes publishes Meditationes de prima Philosophia.
Descartes argued that the nature of the mind and body are completely different from one another and that each could exist by itself.
Descartes also developed analytical geometry that linked algebra and geometry. -
Thomas Hobbes publishes Leviathan.
Hobbes said that the best type of government is a total monarchy because it can impose order and demand obedience. Another idea was the social contract. -
John Locke publishes an essay Concerning Human Understanding.
He believed all people are born free and equal with three natural or human rights life, liberty, and property. His writing led to new theories of education in Europe. -
Baron de Montesquieu publishes On the Spirit of Laws.
Montesquieu thought separation of powers would keep any group individual from having total control/power. He also created the idea of checks and balances. -
Voltaire publishes The Satirical novel Candide
Voltaire published more than 70 books on political essays, philosophy, and drama. He attacked the Catholic Church and advocated freedom of religion, freedom of expression, and separation of church and state. -
Jean-Jacques Rousseau publishes The Social Contract
Rousseau believed civilization corrupted people's natural goodness. Rousseau also said only good government is freely formed by people.