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1494
Italian Wars
King Charles VIII of France invade Italy. France and Spain were fighting for the control of Italian peninsula. -
Oct 31, 1517
Martin Luther Writes 95 Thesis
Luther takes a public stand against actions on indulgences. -
1524
Peasants War
Peasants were becoming disgruntled by high tax and power. German peasants the stormed the castles and monasteries. -
1534
Act of Supremacy in England
Set of laws that ended the popes power in England and made Henery VII the Head of The Church. -
1536
John Calvins Institutes of the Calvin Religion
Book of the Reformation and Protestant theology. -
1540
Jesuit Order Founded
A religious order the pope created for Ignatius of Loyolas followers.They founded schools throughout Europe. Converted non-christians to catholosism and stoped the spread of protestantism. -
1542
Start of Roman Inquisition
The inquisition imposed religious uniformity under Catholicism. they used harsh rules to enforce the laws. -
1543
Copernicus Publishes On the Revolutions of Heavenly Bodies
2 main achievements: the heliocentric theory (sun centered theory) and he also formulated the quantity theory of money. -
1545
Council of Trent
The Council of Trent was where Catholic doctrines were agreed upon. -
1555
Peace of Augsburg
Agreement between the German princes that they could each pick their own religion. -
1558
Reign of Elizabeth
Church of England established that both Catholics and protestants were accepted which then brought religious peace to England. -
1560
Scotland becomes Calvinist
John Knox brings Calvinism to Scotland meaning each community was lead by presbyters. Protestant notes made calvinism Scotlands religion. -
1572
St Bartholomew's Day Massacre
Catholic mobs hunted peasants and killed them in France. -
Edict of Nantes
Henry of Navarre created of Edict of Nantes which granted religious freedom to protestants. -
Bacon Publishes the Advancement of Learning, Norum Organum
2 main achievements: he developed the scientific method with his partner Descartes and he also had the theory that all scientific knowledge much come from the observation of nature through inductive reasoning. -
Galileo Publishes Starry Messenger
2 main achievements: he observed the solar system with a telescope and he also confirmed the idea that the sun is the center of the planets -
Descartes Publishes Meditations on First Philosophy
Achievements
1. developed analytical geometry
2. encouraged scientists to use math and logic instead of experimenting to make new observations -
Hobbes Publishes Leviathan
achievements
1. developed the social contract
2. believes that a ruler always needed to keep the citizens in control and the government was an absolute monarchy. -
Locke Publishes A letter Concerning Toleration
Achievements
1. people can learn from experience and improve themselves
2. criticized absolute monarchy and favored idea of self government -
Montesquieu publishes The Spirit of Laws
achievements
1. division of government and separation of powers
2. checks and balances -
Voltaire publishes candide
achievements
1. fought tolerance, reason, freedom of religion, and freedom of speech
2. his writings gave the founding fathers critical concepts to create a new form government -
Rousseau publishes the Social Contract
achievements
1. he won recognition of writer of essays
2. guaranteed in the U.S. Bill of Rights and French Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizens