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Period: 1300 to
Renaissance
The Renaissance was a cultural movement that profoundly affected European intellectual life in the early modern period. Beginning in Italy, and spreading to the rest of Europe by the 16th century, its influence was felt in art, architecture, philosophy, literature, music, science, technology, politics, religion, and other aspects of intellectual inquiry. Renaissance scholars employed the humanist method in study, and searched for realism and human emotion in art. -
1420
Florence Cathedral's dome, by Brunelleschi
In 1418 the Opera del Duomo(Florence)announced a public competition for the construction of the dome.After many uncertainty the Opera agreed to make Filippo Brunelleschi the superintendent of the cupola project.The dome is a masterpiece of beauty and engineering,a pioneering construction for its time,and in many ways remains unmatched.Brunelleschi’s solutions for the dome were ingenious,and innovative.He invented a three-speed hoist with an intricate system of gears pulleys,screws,anddriveshafts -
1498
Pietà, By Michelangelo Buonarroti
It is a marble sculpture made by Michelangelo.The work was commissioned by the Cardinal of Saint Denis.The contract between the cardenal and the artist stipulated, in addition to the payment that it would have to be finished within a year, and in fact, two days before the deadline the masterpiece was already finished.In the sculpture you can see the Virgin Mary holding the dead Christ and who, intentionally, appears older than the mother. -
1509
The school of Athens, by Rhaphael Sanzio
The School of Athens is a fresco by the Italian Renaissance artist RaphaelIt depicts a congregation of philosophers, mathematicians, and scientists from Ancient Greece, including Plato, Aristotle, Pythagoras,and others.The School of Athens is one of a group of four main frescoes on the walls of the Stanza that depict distinct branches of knowledge, these branches are philosophy, poetry (including music), theology, and justice. -
Period: 1516 to 1556
The Reign of Carlos I
Carlos I of Spain and V of the Holy Roman Empire brought together the crowns of Castile and Aragon for the first time under the reign of the same person.He was part of a war for the control over Navarra,and suffered internal conflicts in Castile and Aragon. II.He participated in four wars against the king of France, Francisco I,in 1521-26,1526-29,1536-38 and 1542-44,motivated by territorial disputes in Italy and the Netherlands. -
Period: 1520 to 1521
The revolt of the Comuneros in Castilla
The Revolt of the Comuneros was an uprising by citizens of Castile against the rule of Charles I and his administration. The revolt occurred in the wake of political instability in the Crown of Castile after the death of Queen Isabella I, after having several rulers in the last years,Castile was inherited by Carlos I,who had been raised in the Netherlands with little knowledge of Castilian These factors resulted in the start of this revolt. -
Sep 25, 1555
Peace of Ausburg
The Peace of Augsburg, also called the Augsburg Settlement, was a treaty between Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, and the Schmalkaldic League, signed on 25 September 1555 at the imperial city of Augsburg It officially ended the religious struggle between the two groups and made the legal division of Christianity permanent within the Holy Roman Empire, allowing rulers to choose either Lutheranism or Roman Catholicism as the official confession of their state. -
Period: 1556 to
The reign of Felipe II
Felipe II, King of Spain and Portugal was the son of Emperor Charles V, Felipe received from his father the duchy of Milan, the kingdoms of Naples and Sicily,the Netherlands, and Spain and its overseas empire.He built the palace of El Escorial and encouraged Spain’s literary golden age.He was a champion of the Counter-Reformation but failed to put down rebellions in the Netherlands and to conquer England, suffering the defeat of the Spanish Armada. -
Period: 1568 to 1571
The rebellion of the Alpujarras
The Alpujarras rebellion was a conflict that occurred in Spain during the reign of Felipe II.The abundant Moorish population of the Kingdom of Granada took up arms in protest against the Pragmatic Sanction of 1567,which limited their cultural freedoms.When the royal power defeated the rebels,it was decided to deport the surviving Moors to various points in the rest of the Crown of Castile.Due to the severity and intensity of their fighting It is also known as War of the Alpujarras. -
Period: 1568 to
The Eigthy Years War
Eighty Years’ War was the war of Netherlands independence from Spain, which led to the separation of the northern and southern Netherlands and to the formation of the United Provinces of the Netherlands.Fighting resumed in 1621 and formed a part of the general Thirty Years’ War. The Franco-Dutch alliance.Spain, fearful of the growing power of France, concluded a separate peace in 1648 by which Spain finally recognized Dutch independence. -
1579
The signment of the Union of Arras
The Union of Arras was an alliance between the County of Artois, the County of Hainaut and the city of Douai in the Habsburg Netherlands in early 1579 during the Eighty Years' War.Dissatisfied with the religious policies of rebel leader Prince of Orange and the States General of the Netherlands, they signed a declaration on 6 January 1579 in which their intention was to offer a vigorous defense of the Roman Catholic religion -
1579
The singment of the Union of Ultrecht
The Union of Utrecht is regarded as the foundation of the Republic of the Seven United Provinces, which was not recognized by the Spanish Empire until the Twelve Years' Truce in 1609.The treaty was signed on 23 January by Holland, Zeeland, Utrecht, and the province of Groningen. The Union of Utrecht allowed complete personal freedom of religion and was thus one of the first unlimited edicts of religious toleration.The treaty was a reaction of the Protestant provinces to the 1579 Union of Arras. -
The defear of the Spanish Armada by England
The Spanish Armada was an enormous 130-ship naval fleet dispatched by Spain in 1588 as part of a planned invasion of England.Spain’s “Invincible Armada” set sail, but it was outfoxed by the English, then battered by storms while limping back to Spain with at least a third of its ships sunk or damaged. The defeat of the Spanish Armada led to a surge of national pride in England and was one of the most significant chapters of the Anglo-Spanish War. -
Period: to
Barroque art
The term Baroque, derived from the Portuguese ‘barocco’ meaning ‘irregular pearl or stone’, refers to a cultural and art movement that characterized Europe from the early seventeenth to mid-eighteenth century.Generally, the main features of Baroque painting manifestations are drama, deep colors, dramatic light, sharp shadows and dark backgrounds. -
Apolo and Daphne, by Bernini
Apollo and Daphne is a life-sized marble sculpture by the Italian artist Gian Lorenzo Bernini. It is regarded as one of the artistic marvels of the Baroque age. The statue is housed in the Galleria Borghese in Rome, along with several other examples of the artist's most important early works.The sculpture depicts the climax of the story of Apollo and Daphne,where the nymph Daphne escapes Apollo's advances by transforming into a laurel tree. -
Saint Peter's square project by Bernini
Saint Peter's Square is a large plaza located directly in front of St. Peter's Basilica in Vatican City,The open space which lies before the basilica was redesigned by Gian Lorenzo Bernini,under the direction of Pope Alexander VII,, as an appropriate forecourt, designed "so that the greatest number of people could see the Pope give his blessing, either from the middle of the façade of the church or from a window in the Vatican Palace". -
The Spinners,by Velazquez
Las Hilanderas(The Spinners) is a painting by the Spanish painter Diego Velázquez, in the Museo del Prado of Madrid, Spain. It is also known by the title The Fable of ArachneIt was painted for Don Pedro de Arce, huntsman to King Philip IV.[3] It entered the Spanish royal collection in the eighteenth century, and was probably damaged by the fire at the Royal Alcazar of Madrid in 1734..It is considered one of the most important works from Velazquez, along with Las Meninas -
Period: to
Neoclassical art
Neoclassical art, a widespread and influential movement in painting and the other visual arts.Neoclassicism in the arts is an aesthetic attitude based on the art of Greece and Rome in antiquity, which invokes harmony, clarity, restraint, universality, and idealism.Some of the more famous artist of Neoclassical art are Jacques-Louis David, Antonio Canova or Benjamin West -
Oath of the Horatii,by Jaackes-Louis David
Oath of the Horatii is oil painting by French artist Jacques-Louis David.The work,depicting a scene from Roman legend, created a sensation when it debuted and remains one of the best-known Neoclassical paintings.Oath of the Horatii tells the story, recorded around the turn of the first millennium of the Common Era by the Roman historian Livy,of sons from two families,the three Horatii brothers and the three Curiatii brothers,who engaged in combat to settle the wars between Rome and Alba Longa -
Carlos IV Of Spain and his family, by Francisco de Goya
Charles IV of Spain and His Family is an oil-on-canvas group portrait painting by the Spanish artist Francisco Goya. He began work on the painting in 1800, shortly after he became First Chamber Painter to the royal family, and completed it in the summer of 1801.The portrait features life-sized depictions of Charles IV of Spain and his family, ostentatiously dressed in fine costume and jewelry. The masterpiece was modeled after the paintings Portrait of Felipe V and his Family and Las Meninas.