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Pasteur - Fermentation
Pasteur was the first to demonstrate experimentally that fermented beverages result from the action of living yeast transforming glucose into ethanol.He concluded that fermentation is a vital process, and he defined it as respiration without air. -
Pasteur - Disproved Spontaneous Generation
Louis Pasteur's 1859 experiment is widely seen as having settled the question of spontaneous generation. He boiled a meat broth in a swan neck flask. The bend in the neck of the flask prevented falling particles from reaching the broth, while still allowing the free flow of air. -
Pasteur - Pasteurization
In 1863, at the request of the emperor of France, Napoleon III, Pasteur studied wine contamination and showed it to be caused by microbes. To prevent contamination, Pasteur used a simple procedure: he heated the wine a process now known universally as pasteurization. -
Lister - Aseptic Surgery
Lister successfully introduced carbolic acid (now known as phenol) to sterilise surgical instruments and to clean wounds. Applying Louis Pasteur's advances in microbiology, Lister championed the use of carbolic acid as an antiseptic, so that it became the first widely used antiseptic in surgery. -
Koch - Germ theory of disease
Koch conclusively established that a particular germ could cause a specific disease. He did this by experimentation with anthrax. Using a microscope, Koch examined the blood of cows that had died of anthrax. He observed rod-shaped bacteria and suspected they caused anthrax. -
neisseria -neisseria gonorrhoeae
Neisser discovered the gonococcus and it was soon proven to be the etiologic agent of gonorrhea. He demonstrated its presence consistently in patients with characteristic symptoms -
Finley - yellow fever
Cuban epidemiologist who discovered that yellow fever is transmitted from infected to healthy humans by a mosquito. -
Koch - Pure cultures
A pure (or axenic) culture is a population of cells or multicellular organisms growing in the absence of other species or types. A pure culture may originate from a single cell or single organism, in which case the cells are genetic clones of one another. -
Koch- Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Robert Koch announced his discovery that TB was caused by a bacteria in his presentation “Die Aetiologie der Tuberculose” at the Berlin Physiological Society conference. The discovery of the bacteria proved that TB was an infectious disease, not hereditary. -
Hesse - Agar (solid) media
Walter Hesse notified Koch of this new technique, who immediately added agar to his nutrient broths. Koch used this new solid media to isolate the tubercle bacillus. Gracilaria and Gelidium are the two types of red algae used in the commercial preparation of agar. -
Koch - vibrio chlolerae
cholerae was first isolated as the cause of cholera in 1854 by Italian anatomist Filippo Pacini and by the Catalan Joaquim Balcells i Pascual in the same year, but their discovery was not widely known until Robert Koch, working independently 30 years later, Koch traveled with a group of German colleagues from Berlin to Alexandria, Egypt in August, 1883. Following necropsies, they found a bacillus in the intestinal mucosa in persons who died of cholera, but not of other diseases. -
Metchnikoff- Phagocytosis
Metchnikoff discovered phagocytes, immune cells that protect organisms by ingesting foreign particles or microorganisms, by conducting experiments on starfish larvae. -
Gram - Gram staining procedure
The performance of the Gram Stain on any sample requires four basic steps that include applying a primary stain to a heat-fixed smear, followed by the addition of a mordant rapid decolorization with alcohol, acetone, or a mixture of alcohol and acetone. -
Escherich - Escherichia coli
Dr. Theodor Escherich in 1885. He also showed that these bacteria slowly cause milk to be clotted, as a result of acid formation, and demonstrated that these bacteria have fermentative ability. -
Julius Petri - Petri dish
Julius Petri invented a simple pair of nesting glass dishes, ideal for keeping specimens of growing bacteria sterile—the 'Petri dish. ' Science historian Howard Markel recounts the history of this ubiquitous lab supply, and the serendipitous discovery of the stuff in it, agar. -
Kitasato - Clostridium tetani
C. tetani was isolated from a human victim by Kitasato Shibasaburō, who later showed that the organism could produce disease when injected into animals, and that the toxin could be neutralized by specific antibodies. -
Ehrilich - Theory of immunity
To explain the immune response in living cells. The theory explains the interaction of antibodies and antigens in the blood, and how antibodies are produced. -
Shiga - Shigella dysenteriae
Shigella is named after Kiyoshi Shiga, a Japanese scientist who discovered Shigella dysenteriae type 1 in 1896 during a large epidemic of dysentery in Japan. -
Von Bering - Diphtheria antitoxin
Behring, therefore, for the first time, used a diphtheria innoculation of bacteria with reduced virulence. With this active immunization he hoped to help the body also produce antitoxins. -
Chagas - Trypanosoma cruzi
Chagas disease is named after the Brazilian physician Carlos Chagas, who discovered the disease in 1909. It is caused by the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, which is transmitted to animals and people by insect vectors and is found only in the Americas. -
Ehrlich - Syphilis
In 1909, after testing over 900 different compounds on mice, Ehrlich's new colleague Sahachiro Hata went back to #606. It didn't do much for the sleeping sickness microbe, but it seemed to kill another (recently discovered) microbe, the one which causes syphilis. ... And it made syphilis a curable disease.
