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The Colonies vs. the Mother Country
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1773, The Boston Tea Party
The Boston Tea Party was an American political and mercantile protest by the Sons of Liberty in Boston, Massachusetts, on December 16, 1773. The Sons of Liberty opposed the taxes in the Townshend Act as a violation of their rights. Protesters, some disguised as American Indians, destroyed an entire shipment of tea sent by the East India Company. “No taxation without
representation” That what they were fighting for. -
The American War of Independence
The American Revolutionary War was initiated by delegates from thirteen American colonies of British America in Congress against Great Britain. The war was fought over the issue of U.S. independence from the British Empire. Engagements took place in North America, the Caribbean Sea, and in the seas surrounding England. -
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American War of Independence
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The American Revolution (US Independence)
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Treaty of Paris, 1783
The Treaty of Paris was signed by U.S. and British Representatives on September 3, 1783, ending the War of the American Revolution. Based on a1782 preliminary treaty, the agreement recognized U.S. independence and granted the U.S. significant western territory. -
King Charles IV succeeded to the throne
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The Reign of Charles IV
He was King of Spain and the Spanish Empire from 1788 to 1808. -
The French Revolution
It was the raise of the french people, leaded by the bourgoise against the monarch and the absolutist rule. -
Estates General
The representative assembly of the three estates, or orders of the realm and that are: the clergy and nobility which were privileged minorities and the third estate, which represented the majority of the people. -
The National Assembly
During the French Revolution, the national assembly was a revolutionary one formed by the representatives of the third estate of the estates general. It was known as the National constituent assembly, although the shorter form was favored. -
Storming of Bastille
The Storming of the Bastille was an event that took place in Paris on 14 of July 1789, when revolutionaries stormed and seized control of the medieval armory, fortress, and political prison known as the Bastille. -
Abolition of Feudalism
It took place during the night session of the National Assembly on August 4th 1789. It was a document in wich they make official the abolition os the feudal sistem. “Article One. The National Assembly hereby completely abolishes the feudal system" -
Declaration of Rights
It is a human civil rights document written the French Revolution. The Declaration was a core statement of the values of the French Revolution and had a very big impact on the development of popular conceptions of liberty and democracy in Europe. -
French constitution in 1791
It was created by the National Assembly during the French Revolution. It retained the monarchy, but sovereignty effectively resided in the Legislative Assembly, which was elected by a system of indirect voting. -
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Legislative Assembly
It provided the focus of political debate and revolutionary law-making between the periods of the National Constituent Assembly and of the National Convention.
Important measures:
Abolition of the Estate System
Declaration of Rights of Man and of the Citizens
Civil constitution of the Clergy
Which led to: Equality and abolition of feudalism. -
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Manuel Godoy, “the last favourite”
He was the prime minister of Carlos IV from 1792 to 1798. He was hated by the nobility because he had too much power and because because of him Spain made an allyance with France. -
The Paris Commune stormed the Tuileries Palace and massacred the Swiss Guards
A period of chaos and insurrection starts because of the growing of the social unrest of the sans-culottes. -
Girondin Government
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The Convention (1792-1795)
It was the assembly that governed France from September 20, 1792, until October 26, 1795, during the most critical period of the French Revolution. The National Convention was elected to provide a new constitution for the country after the overthrow of the monarchy (August 10, 1792). -
The monarchy is abolished and the republic is declared
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Beheading of King Louis XVI
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Jacobean Government, The Mountain
Robespierre and the Reign of Terror. -
French constitution of 1793
It was the second constitution ratified for use during the French Revolution under the First Republic. -
Girondin Government
Robespierre and the Jacobins are deposed and executed (coup of Thermindor). -
Peace of Basel (1795)
The Peace of Basel of 1795 consists of three peace treaties involving France during the French Revolution. The first was with Prussia. The second was with Spain (represented by Domingo d'Yriarte) on 22 July, ending the War of the Pyrenees; and
the third was with the Landgraviate of Hesse-Kassel on 28 August, concluding the stage of the French Revolutionary Wars against the First Coalition. -
French constitution of 1795
It was prepared by the Thermidorian Convention. It was more conservative than the abortive democratic Constitution of 1793. The Constitution of 1795 established a liberal republic with a franchise based on the payment of taxes, similar to that of the Constitution of 1791. -
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The Directory (1795-1799)
It was the governing five-member committee in the French First Republic from 2 November 1795 until 9 November 1799, when it was overthrown by Napoleon Bonaparte in the Coup of 18 Brumaire and replaced by the Consulate. -
Coup of Brumaire by Napoleon Bonaparte
Coup d'état that overthrew the system of government under the Directory in France and substituted the Consulate, making way for the despotism of Napoleon Bonaparte. The event is often viewed as the effective end of the French Revolution. -
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The Consulate (1799-1804)
It was the top-level Government of France from the fall of the Directory in the coup of Brumaire on 10 November 1799 until the start of the Napoleonic Empire on 18 May 1804. During this period, Napoleon Bonaparte, as First Consul , established himself as the head of a more authoritarian, autocratic, and centralized republican government in France while not declaring himself sole ruler. -
Concordat with the Holy See
Convention between the Holy See and a sovereign state that defines the relationship between the Catholic Church and the state in matters that concern both -
Napoleon as "First Consul for Life"
In August 1802, Napoleon proclaimed himself First Consul for Life. A new constitution of his own devising legislated a succession to rule for his son (even though he had not yet fathered any children) and he had taken the major steps in creating a new regime in his own image. -
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Great victories and campaigns of the French Empire
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Napoleonic Empire (1804-1815)
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The First French Empire (1804-1814)
It was the empire ruled by Napoleon Bonaparte, who established French hegemony over much of continental Europe at the beginning of the 19th century. It lasted from 18 May 1804 to 11 April 1814 -
Naval Battle of Trafalgar (1805),
It was a naval engagement between the British Royal Navy and the combined fleets of the French and Spanish Navies during the War of the Third Coalition (August–December 1805) of the Napoleonic Wars (1803–1815). It ended up with the British victory. -
The economic blockade (1806) against UK
The Royal Navy imposed a naval blockade of the French and French-allied coasts, on 16 May 1806. ... These forbade French trade with Britain, its allies or neutrals, and instructed the Royal Navy to blockade all French and allied ports, and to prevent all shipping whether neutral or not. -
Treaty of Fontainebleau
The Treaty of Fontainebleau was an agreement signed on 27 of October in1807 in Fontainebleau between King Charles IV and Napoleon. Under the treaty, the House of Braganza was to be driven from the Kingdom of Portugal with the country subsequently divided into three regions. Within seven months the government of Spain had collapsed and two Spanish kings abdicated; in August 1808 Napoleon imposed his brother Joseph as King of Spain. -
The peninsula War
It is considered to overlap with the Spanish War of Independence.The war began when the French and Spanish armies invaded Portugal in 1807 by passing through Spain, and it escalated in 1808 after Napoleonic France had occupied Spain. Napoleon Bonaparte forced the abdications of Ferdinand VII and his son Charles IV and installed his brother Joseph Bonaparte on the Spanish throne and promulgated the Bayonne Constitution. Most Spaniards rejected French rule and fought a bloody war to oust them. -
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The Peninsular War
The Peninsular War (1807–1814) was the military conflict fought by Spain, the United Kingdom and Portugal against the invading and occupying forces of France for control of the Iberian Peninsula during the Napoleonic Wars.In Spain. The war on the peninsula lasted until the Sixth Coalition defeated Napoleon in 1814. -
Mutiny of Aranjuez (March 18, 1808)
It took place between the 17th and 18th of March of 1808. It was an uprising led against King Charles IV that took place in the town of Aranjuez -
The Uprising of Madrid
Second of May Uprising of 1808 took place in the outskirts of Madrid. It was a rebellion by the people of Madrid against the occupation of the city by French troops, provoking repression by the French Imperial forces that had tremendous significance. -
Abdications of Bayonne
The Abdications of Bayonne took place on 7 May 1808 in Bayonne when the French emperor Napoleon I forced two Spanish kings (Charles IV and his son, Ferdinand VII) to renounce the throne in his favour. The move was Napoleon's response to the Mutiny of Aranjuez. -
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Cortes de Cádiz (1810-1814)
They were an assembly formed in San Fernando the 24th of September of 1810. They werw formed by militars, high clerigy representatives, workers and teachers. Many Spaniards did not recognize the figure of José I Bonaparte as their king. These boards aimed to defend themselves against the French invasion. -
Spanish Constitution of 1812
Constitution of Cádiz also known as La Pepa, was the first Constitution of Spain and one of the earliest constitutions in world history. The Constitution was ratified on 19 March 1812 by the Cortes of Cádiz, the first Spanish legislature that included delegates from the entire nation, including Spanish America and the Philippines. It defined Spanish and Spanish American liberalism for the early 19th century. -
The Battle of Leipzig
The Battle of Leipzig was fought from 16 to 19 October 1813 at Leipzig, Saxony. The Coalition armies of Austria, Prussia, Sweden, and Russia, led by Tsar Alexander I and Karl von Schwarzenberg, decisively defeated the Grande Armée of French Emperor Napoleon I. -
Congress of Vienna
It was an international diplomatic conference to reconstitute the European political order after the downfall of the French Emperor Napoleon I. It was a meeting of ambassadors of European states chaired by Austrian statesman Klemens von Metternich, and held in Vienna from November 1814 to June 1815.The objective of the Congress was to provide a long-term peace plan for Europe by settling critical issues arising from the French Revolutionary Wars and the Napoleonic Wars. -
The Quadruple Alliance
The Quadruple Alliance was formed by the monarchist Great Powers of Austria, Prussia, Russia, and Great Britain to counter the military and revolutionary republican political threats posed by the expansion of the First French Empire under Napoleon I and to fight the War of the Seventh Coalition. In the wake of the final defeat of Napoleon at the Battle of Waterloo on 18 June 1815, the alliance was formalized with the signing of the Treaty of Paris on 20 November 1815. -
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The Holy Alliance
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The ‘Empire of the Hundred Days
In 1815, Napoleon re-joined his armies and
support. He was finally defeated in the battle of Waterloo. -
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The German Confederation
The German Confederation was an association of 39 predominantly German-speaking sovereign states in Central Europe, created by the Congress of Vienna in 1815 as a replacement of the former Holy Roman Empire, which had been dissolved in 1806. The ruling body of the Confederation, the Confederate Diet, was dissolved on 12 July 1848, but was re-established in 1850 after the revolution was crushed by Austria, Prussia and other states. The Confederation was finally dissolved in 1866. -
The Battle of Waterloo
The Battle of Waterloo was fought on Sunday, 18 June 1815, near Waterloo in Belgium, part of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands at the time. A French army under the command of Napoleon Bonaparte was defeated by two of the armies of the Seventh Coalition, a British-led coalition and a Prussian army. The battle marked the end of the Napoleonic Wars. -
The “Holy Alliance”
The Holy Alliance was a coalition linking the monarchist great powers of Austria, Prussia, and Russia. It was created after the final defeat of Napoleon at the behest of Emperor Alexander I of Russia and signed in Paris on 26 September 1815. The alliance aimed to restrain liberalism and secularism in Europe in the wake of the devastating French Revolutionary Wars and the Napoleonic Wars. -
The Treaty of Paris of 1815
The Treaty of Paris of 1815, also known as the Second Treaty of Paris, was signed on 20 November 1815 following the defeat and second abdication of Napoleon Bonaparte. -
Quintuple Alliance
The Quintuple Alliance came into being at the Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle in 1818, when France joined the Quadruple Alliance created by Austria, Prussia, Russia, and Great Britain. -
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The Wave of the Revolutions 1820, 1830 & 1848
The waves of political revolution brought the end to absolute monarchy in Europe. Revolutions of 1820 triumphed in Portugal, Spain and Greece who won indepence from the Ottoman Empire. The 1830s tried to implement moderate liberalism: the constitutional political system with census suffrage. In 1848 democratic ideals appeared: universal suffrage, popular sovereignty, social equity. All the revolutions failed except in France where the Second Republic was proclamed. -
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Revolutions of 1820’s
All failed. Put down by the Holly Alliance (Spain and Naples). Beginning of Greece’s independency from the Ottoman Empire. -
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Revolutions of 1830’s
Start in France: new dynasty (House of Orleans) Failed. Attempt of revolution in Spain failed. Belgium becomes independent. Greece becomes independent. -
1834-Zollverein
It was a coalition of German states formed to manage tariffs and economic policies throughout their territories. It all was organized by the 1833 Zollverein treaties. -
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Revolutions of 1848
These revolutions generally failed, but soon governments started to introduce reforms. Nationalism strengthened its positions and became more important.The German revolutions of 1848–49, motivated by liberal, democratic, socialist and nationalist, attempted to transform the Confederation into a unified German federal state with a liberal constitution. -
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The German Confederation
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Wars of the German Unification
Schleswig Wars (24-3-1848 / 8-5-1851) (1-2-1864 / 30-11-1864) Established Prussian dominance over German-speaking territories.
Austro-Prussian War (14-6-1866 / 22-7-1866) Established Prussia as dominant German state (Unification of the North)
Franco-Prussian War (19-7-1870 / 28-1-1871) United Northern and Southern Germany -
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The Frankfurt Parliament
It was the first freely elected parliament for Germany. The session was held from 18 May 1848 to 31 May 1849, in the Paulskirche at Frankfurt am Main. It was both part and the result of the “March Revolution”. After long, controversial debates, the assembly produced the Frankfurt Constitution which stated that a German Empire is based on the principles of parliamentary democracy. -
The Expedition of the Thousand
It was an event of the Italian Risorgimento that took place in 1860. A corps of volunteers led by Guiseppe Garibaldi sailed from Quarto, near Genoa and landed in Marsala, Sicily, in order to conquer the Kingdom of the two Sicilies, ruled by the House of bourbon and two sicilies -
Viktor Emmanuel confirmed as king of all the territories
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1867-North German Confederation
It was the German federation which existed from July 1867 to December 1870. The Confederation began after the Austro-Prussian war. Although de jure a confederacy of equal states, the Confederation was actually controlled by the most powerful member, Prussia. -
The Capture of Rome
It was the final event of the long process of Italian unification, marking both the final defeat of the Papal States under Pope Pius IX and the unification of the Italian peninsula under King Victor Emmanuel II of the House of Savoy.