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Early research into cognitive psychology
Environmentalists such as Bloomfield 1933: since most language is oral, speaking is the medium of language input. This lead to the pervasive Audiolingual method of language instruction. Behaviorists such as Skinner 1957: response from the environment is essential to developing habits -
B.F. Skinner
Behaviorism: Language learning responds to stimulus-response-reinforcement, similar to caged rats trained to retrieve pellets. -
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Mid-century Theorists
Innatists: Language Learning takes place through innate skill Speaking is a process of transforming rules of language. -
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Hymes
Communicative Competence: In reaction to Chomsky's LAD, it recognizes grammatical competence but also social rules of interaction & conversation -
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Recent Theorists
Interactionism:
Linguistic environment acts with innate capacity -
Chomsky
Language Acquisition Device (LAD):
an innate process by which students learn to produce language -
Krashen
Monitor Model:
Includes 5 Hypotheses of Acquisition, Monitor, Natural Order, Input, and Affective Filter
The Monitor aspect explains learned rules as a Monitor of information being produced. image: “Pyramid (Session 3).” Dani Jennings' Blog, 3 Sept. 2010, danijennings.wordpress.com/2010/09/03/pyramid-session-3/. -
Anderson
ACT Model:
Through practice, declarative knowledge becomes proceduralized. -
Long
Negotiation of Meaning:
Students adjust input during exchanges by negotiating interaction with others. Information can be simplified and redirected, resulting in greater learning potential. -
Vygotsky
Two developmental levels in a student:
Actual = what learner can do alone
Potential = what learner can do with assistance
Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) is that gap and travelling through it requires interaction & collaboration with instructor. -
Swain
Output Hypothesis
Through producing language, either spoken or written, acquisition may occur. Production of language allows learners to recognize what they don't know and bridge those gaps. -
Gass
Theory of Incomprehensible Input:
Being challenged with new information challenges and furthers students' development in language learning. -
Celce-Murcia
Current model of competencies:
Sociocultural, discourse, linguistic, formulaic, interactional, strategic
Students need more than grammatical and linguistic knowledge. Each of these competencies is interrelated and Discourse is the central competency for the four skills of reading, writing, listening and speaking. Image: Foreign Language Program at HCS, www.colgate.edu/centers-and-institutes/keck-center-for-language-study/foreign-language-program-at-hcs.
