Medieval - Rensaissance

Cicero

106 BCE

Cicero was studied during the humanist movement. He supported republican governments, admired by Petrarch.

Climate Change and Famine

1000

From 1000-1300 the climate in Europe became warmer.

Migration

1100

(1100s-1200s) Large numbers of people migrated within Europe in search of food, work, and peace. English into Scotland and Ireland; Germans, French, and Flemings into Poland. Bohemia, and Hungary. French into Spain.

Venice Merchant Growth

1100

(1100s-1200s) Venice merchants grew wealthy because Venice traded year long due to their technological advancements.

Nobles Marrying Merchants

1100

(1100s) Poor nobles began to marry into rich merchant families for a combination of prestige and wealth.

Homosexuality

1200

By the 12th century most European countries considered homosexuality a crime against nature.

Popolo Violence

1200

In twelfth century, popolo used violence to take over governments in Italy but could not keep power because they were unstable.

Irish and English Courts

1210

English denies the Irish access into their courts.

Representative Assemblies

1250

(1250-1450) Representative Assemblies flourished in European countries, laid the groundwork for the representative institutions of modern democratic nations. After it declines, Parliament endured.

Rise of European Merchants

1280

In the late thirteenth century, merchants began to rise economically in Europe. Acquired control of papal banking.

Climate Change

1300

in 1300 Climate in Europe became colder and wetter. Called "little ice age." Storms ruined agriculture that people depended upon.

Fur Collar Crimes

1300

(1300s-1400s) Fur Collar Crimes were created because groups of noble bandits would roam the English countryside and steal.

Basic Institutions

1300

During the High Middle Ages (1000-1300) was the origin of many basic institutions: sherriffs, inquests, juries, circut judges, professional bureaucracies, and representative assemblies.

Babylonian Captivity

1309

(1309-1376) Papacy was moved from Rome to Avignon. Damaged papal prestige as Avignon papacy reformed its financial administration and centralized its government.

Great Famine

1315

(1315-1322) The Great Famine in Northern Europe. Cost of grain, livestock, and dairy products increased. Reduced caloric intake led to susceptibility to disease. Villages were abandoned. Population decline. People targeted and killed Jews.

English Sheep

1318

Infection in sheep caused decline in wool exports and Flemish weavers could not work.

Flanders Rebellion

1320

Peasants revolted because they were forced to pay taxes to the French.

First Plague Symptoms

1331

Plague symptoms were first reported in South Western China (Mongolese.

Start of Hundred Years' War

1337

War between France and England over territory and claim to the French throne

Edward III Taxing

1341

Parliamentary statute decides that Edward III cannot tax without approval of the Parliament

Beginning of The Black Death

1347

In 1347 the plague was carried to Europe on Genoese ships through rats. It affected Italy the most. 1.4 million English died.

Italy Plague

1348

In January 1348m the Plague hit Venice and Genoa. Other countries tried to close their gates to avoid the plague.

Decline in Clergymen

1350

German clergy suffered a decline in population because they cared for the sick during the plague.

Petrarch

1350

Petrarch introduced the idea of studying Greek and Roman classics.

Statue of Laborers

1351

English response to Peasants Revolt which freezed wages and binded workers to their manors. Huge economic gap between peasants and their lords.

Jacquerie

1358

French Peasants revolted because of the taxes they were forced to pay after the Hundred Years' war.

Statute of Kilkenny

1366

Irish law that there were no marriages allowed between Irish and English people.

End of Babylonian Captivity

1377

Papal court was returned to Rome.

The Great Schsim

1378

Urab VI was the pope in Rome and Clement VII was the antipope in Avignon. Lasted until 1417.

Lay Piety and Mysticism

1380

English Peasant's Revolt

1381

English Peasant's revolted because they demanded higher wages and fewer manorial obligations. Incited by English tax on all adult males.

Creation of Courts

1400

(1400s-1500s) Courts created by the signori and oligarchs evolved and displayed wealth and power. Was adopted by other rulers.

Italian Peninsula

1400

Five powers dominated the Italian Peninsula: Venice, Milan, Florence, Papal States, and Kingdom of Naples. Mostly because they all had strong governments.

Leon Battista Alberti

1404

(1404-1472) Alberti wrote an autobiography about all of his achievements.

Christine de Pizan (City of Ladies)

1404

Christine de Pizan of France was the wife of an Artisan who believed that standards for women were unfair and that they were virtuous. She wrote "City of Ladies" to get his across, she was wealthy and educated. First female to be recognized for her writing.

Jan Hus's Death

1415

Jan Hus was declared a heretic by the Holy Roman Empire and was burned at the stake.

End of Great Schism

1417

Papacy deposed the Roman pope and isolated the anitpope, choosing a new pope and ending the Great Schism.

Charles VII

1422

(1422-1461) Charles VII revived the monarchy in France: papal control, political marriages, army, compromises, etc.

Henry VI

1422

(r. 1422-1461) Because of the rule of Henry IV (4. 1399-1413) The monarchy in England was weakened. Henry VI further sunk the monarchy.

Florence Census

1427

In 1427 a census of Florence was taken, proving that older people lived there. The plague took the lives of the young rather than the old. Less workers, inflated prices, labor shortages.

Joan of Arc Saves France

1429

Joan of Arc leads the French attacks in the battle of New Orleans

Joan of Arc is Captured

1430

Joan of Arc was captured by Burgundians and sold to the English.

Hussite Church in Bohemia

1430

Jan Hus's church is recognized in Bohemia, merged with other Protestant Church.

Joan of Arc's Death

1431

Joan of Arc was declared a heretic by the English and burned at the stake.

Marisilio Ficino

1433

(1433-1499) Marisilio Ficino elevated the works of Plato.

Beginning of Medici Rule in Florence

1434

The Medici family began their rule of Florence which ended in 1494

Gutenberg Printing Press

1448

Gutenberg establishes the first printing press, in France. By 1551 they are widespread about Europe.

Leonardo Da Vinci

1452

(1452-1519)

End of the Hundred Years' War

1453

The War ended in a French victory with conquering of Normandy and Aquitaine.

War of Roses

1455

Civil war between York and Lancaster.

Joan of Arc is a Martyr

1456

Charles VII declares Joan of Arc a Martyr.

Giovanni Pico della Mirandola

1463

(1436-1494) Student of Ficino, wrote "On the Dignity of Man" stressed that man possessed great dignity because he was made in the image of God. Man has no limits.

Erasmus

1466

(1466?-1536) Erasmus was a Christian Humanist who believed in the education of women through the gospels. In "Education of a Christian Prince" he believes that princes should exhibit Christian values.

Ferdinand and Isabella

1469

Marriage of Ferdinand and Isabella, still failed to unite Spain.

Nicolo Machiavelli

1469

Fierce opposition of the Medici family, was responsible for diplomatic missions and organizing a citizen army.

Christian Humanism

1475

The rise of Christian Humanism began, humanist beliefs were combined with Christian values by Northern humanists.

Spain Punishing Conversos

1478

Ferdinand received permission from Pope Sixtus to establish an Inquisition to search out and punish converos.

Spain Inquisition

1478

The Inquisition was established in Spain, which gave power to the church.

Conspicuous Consumption

1480

At the end of the 15th century, conspicuous consumption began - first with wealthy merchants or rulers, like the Medici family. And then on to the church like Pope Julis II who comissioned Michaelangelo.

Henry VIII

1485

(r. 1485-1509) Did not trust nobility and did not allow to be among the king's advisors. Instead chose common people with backgrounds in law.

End of Inquisition (Granada)

1492

Spain conquered Granada which ended the Inquisition, and thus united spain.

End of Medici Rule

1494

With French Invasion of Italy by Charles VIII ended the Medici Rule.

Bonfire of Vanities

1494

Savonarola called for people to destroy anything that might lead them to sin: fancy things, pagan books, etc.

Savonarola Dies

1498

Savonarola was burned at the stake where the Bonfire of Vanities took place.

Women Rulers

1500

Debate about women also became debate about women rulers, but women rulers were not often opposed when they were born into power.

David

1501

Michaelangelo began in 1501 and finished in 1504

Georgio Vasari

1511

(1511-1574) First man to use the word Renaissance, published his own autobiography.

The Prince

1513

Machiavelli published The Prince regarding how a Prince should behave. "It is better to be feared than loved."

Thomas Moore - Utopia

1516

(1478-1535.) Thomas Moore published the book "Utopia" which was a satire. Viewed as a revolutionary critique as his own hierarchial society.

Baldassare Castiglione's "The Courtier"

1528

Castiglione wrote "The Courtier" in which he described the ideal behavior for a courtier or courtwoman. Believed that woman should be educated.

The Last Judgement

1537

Michaelangelo began the Last Judgement and finished in 1541.

Disappearance of Serfdom in England

1550

After decline in England's rural serfdom, it disappeared.

Iberian Peninsula Unification

1580

Charles V's son Phillip II joined Portugal to the Spanish crown, the Iberian Peninsula was united.

End of Plague

1721

Last appearance of the Plague in Europe (Mersailles.)

Italy Achieves Unification

1870