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Starting of ambulance in INDIA.
St. john ambulance, organization who discovered ambulance in INDIA in 1873. their aim was to cover most of the state.
it was running up to 23 state centers, 9 railways, and three union centers and over 670 regional. but this project was granted in 1912. they spent good amount of money for this project and they provide training about ambulance to their volunteers. they spent more than $1 billion. -
X-ray machine invention (mass screening radiography apparatus)
Manuel Dias de Abreu - Brazilian physician and scientist, the inventor of abreugraphy, a rapid radiography of the lungs for screening tuberculosis. The name of this health survey is mass radiography, miniature chest radiography in United Kingdom and United States or roentgenfluorography in Germany.
Abreu's ideas for a new mass screening radiography apparatus was made true by the construction of a first device. The first service was established in 1937 in Rio de Janeiro. -
"Discovery of Polio-Vaccine" On March 26,1953, American medical researcher Dr. Jonas Salk invented the polio vaccine
He started the project in 1948 at the University of Pittsburgh. In 1952-an epidemic year for polio-there were 58,000 new cases reported in the United States and 3,000 died from the disease.
In this project quality was fixed because it directly affects human life. Here the time was enhanced due to thousands were affected every year. The cost was trade-off as the university awarded a grant to study the polio virus and develop polio vaccine. -
"First Human Heart Transplant" On December 3, 1967,Dr. Christian Barnard performed the world's first human heart transplant.
53- year old Lewis Washkansky, received the human heart transplant at Groote Schuur Hospital South Africa and surgery completed after 27 hours.
In this project the time was fixed because longer preservation of heart lead to infection and also the patient cannot withstand more time. The quality was enhanced because, slight variation in the quality affects the patient life. Here the cost was trade-off as the cost of surgery was provided by the hospital management . -
Pneumococcal vaccine
The vaccine for pneumococcal is invented in united state in 1945 by Avery, Oswald,
but this project was failed, because there are almost 69 types of pneumonia and they focused on only 23 types.
After few year in late 1960, it was again begun. and this time they focused on all type of pneumonia virus, but it was licensed in march 1977. The cost of each dose is $219.99, and they made 1000 doses. So the overall cost for the project was $219,990. -
Botulinum toxin (Botox®) application in cosmetology
Richard Clark, a plastic surgeon from Sacramento (CA), was the first to document a cosmetic use for botulinum toxin.
Clark realized that botulinum toxin (Botox® injections), which had been previously used only for cross eyed babies and facial tics, could also be injected to smooth the wrinkles of the right forehead to match her paralyzed left. He received FDA approval for this cosmetic application of the toxin and successfully treated the person and published the case study in 1989. -
LASIK eye surgery
Gholam A. Peyman, Medicine Doctor in USA applied for a patent in 1989. This patent that described a method of modifying corneal refractive errors using laser ablation under a corneal flap. Nowadays this invention is most widely known as LASIK eye surgery,[6]a vision correction procedure designed to allow people to see clearly without glasses. -
Robotic surgery for neurosurgical biopsy
First Robot was used for neurosurgical biopsy in 1985 in united kingdom by Dr. John H. Watson,
and it was non laparoscopic.(there is no camera in it). so after that camera features are added in it to inspect and diagnose condition. and it was finished in 1990. the cost of this project was around $2 million.
The project manager focus on the quality and also want work in certain time. that's why they spent a lot amount of money in the project.
Perhaps it is future of medical industry. -
"Human Genome Project" It was an international research project completed in the year of 2000
Robert Snisheimer started the project in 1985 for identifying and mapping all of the genes of the human genome from physical and functional stand point.
In this project the time was fixed because they designed it as 15 years project. The genome data is applied for the development of new medicines and identifying the treatment, so here the quality was enhanced. Moreover, here cost was trade-off, because the whole fund was provided (3-billion) by the U S Government.
