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Cherem of Baruch Spinoza
Cherem was a weapon for the Rabbinic Authority in which they were able to maintain communal discipline. Usually a person put into Cherem would convert to Christianity or repent and return back to the Jewish Community. However, Spinoza did not apologize or convert which resulted in a marking of transition from traditional Judaism to modern Judaism. Instead, he lived as a Secular Jew. -
Rabbinic Authority Weakens
In 1656, the authority of the rabbis weakened in which they react more extreme than before. The rabbis become harsher and overuse their weapon of Cherem to the extent were it is meaning less seen through the rebellion of Baruch Spinoza. -
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Enlightenment/Scientific Revolution
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Judiasum Splits
Hasidism- The Hasidic movement founded by Baal Shem Tov, created a way of Jewish life for his followers to emphasize the ability of all Jews to grow closer to God through all acts. Misnagdim- The Mitnagdim movement, founded by the Vilna Gaon, mainly based in Lithuania opposed the Hasidim movement due to their bizarre beliefs. Haskalah- The Haskalah movement, founded by Moses Mendelssohn, was common among European Jews that supported Enlightenment values and an increase in secular education. -
America gains independcance
On July 4th, 1776, the United States of America received independence from Great Britain following the revolutionary war. This granted American citizenship to each individual, such as Jews and the right to practice their own religion without interference from the government, which allowed many Jews to immigrate and start a new life. -
French Revolution
In the year 1789, the French Revolution took place, which was a period of radical, social, and political upheaval in France. The Revolution promoted rights, liberty, and democracy for all people in France. -
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The Emancipation of the European Jewry
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Jewish Emancipation in France
During the aftermath of the French Revolution, the Jews received Emancipation from France which expanded their rights as Jewish people in France and allowes them to be recognized as equal people, with many rights granted to them such as the right of citizenship The Jews were advised by Dov Isaac Dov that they do not deserve Emancipation and should include the French in all their work in order to keep their Emancipation alive. -
Immigration of the Jewish People to the U.S.
First Wave- In the 1600's, Spanish-Portuguese Jews from Dutch Colonies were the first wave of immigration to settle in America from Rhode Island to South Carolina and were involved in all aspects of transatlantic trade.Second Wave- In the 1800s 144,000 Jews from Germany immigrate, mainly associated with the Middle Class. The immigrants establish reform Judiasum in America. Third Wave- In 1880 3,500,000 Jews from Eastern Europe immigrate through New York and are poor low skilled workers. -
Napolean Grand Sanhedrin
In 1807, Napoleon Bonaparte the leader of the French empire, controls much of Europe and North Africa. He seeks to unify his empire under one system of law, language, and education. Furthermore, Napoleon finds 71 Jewish notables and poses 12 questions seeking to clarify their loyalty to the French Empire. -
Reform Movement Spreads
In 1817, the Jews in Germany reinvented Judaism and shaped it into the Reform movement. The German Jews were quite educated and decided that now that they have equal citizenship, they do not need a Jewish nation and would rather be German. This resulted in the removal of nationhood, the Beit Din, and the devotion to a Jewish state. The results were weakening rabbinic authority and but increased social integration and resulted in the start of the Reform movement. -
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American Experience
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Zionism
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Pale of Settlement
Jews had lived in bad conditions during the 1700s while settled in the Pale of Settlement. In 1882, conditions get much worse to the extent of living through constant riots against Jewish life. Jewish living conditions were horrific because they often had higher taxes, were drafted into the army, and had to face evil soldiers who advocated for their suffering. -
Bilu Manifesto
In 1882 a group of 30 young adults from assimilated Jewish families from Hungary were part of the first Jews to move to Israel. Their movement was a response to Anti- Semitism and shaped the way for Political Zionism. -
America Industrializes
In the 1880's, as Jews began to immigrate into the United States, they became more involved in industrialization. As unskilled workers, Jews tended to work in the textile and clothing industry in tenements, which are small-congested work areas. The Jews tended to live in the Lower East Side near their work. The women were paid very little. In 1911, 145 women died mainly being Jew in the Triangle Shirtwaist Fire that shocked the public and resulted in health codes and better working conditions. -
First Zionist Congress
A result of the first congress is the 4 Zionism's
Political- Founded by Theodor Herzl, is the belief that the Jews must have their own safe haven in order to escape Anti Semitism
Labor- Founded by A.D. Gordon, is the idea that the Jews have to leave behind the classic Jewish identity and work till it hurts.
Cultural- Founded by Ahad Haam saying we need to have our own unique culture so we wont assimilate.
Religious- Founded by Rav Kook, is the idea that everything they do will be in Gods name -
Kishnev Pogrom
In 1903, under the reign of Czar Nicolai 2 an anti-Jewish riot took place in the Russia Empire. Jews were slaughtered in front of their family alongside babies being torn apart. The result of the Pogrom was the death of 120 people and an injury to 500 people. The Jews felt ashamed that they were Jewish and later, the pogrom became another factor for the push of a Jewish homeland. -
Dreyfus Affair
In 1906, Alfred Dreyfus, a French Jewish General, was arrested and put on trial for being accused of being a spy. Dreyfus was clearly innocent but was found guilty because he was a Jew. During the trial, Theodore Herzl a journalist from Austria was a Jew who was shocked when Dreyfus was sent to Devil's Island. Herzl realizes that the future of the Jewish people is in jeopardy and encourages a movement to Israel to end Anti-Semitism. -
World War II
On September 1st, 1939, World War Two officially begins with the invasion of Poland by Germany. The Jews were forced into concentration camps, lead by the Nazi Party under Adolf Hitler's reign. As a result of the war, approximately 6,000,000 Jews perished through the many different camps. As a result, the push for a Jewish state increased because of the result of the war. -
Israel is Established
On May 14th, 1948, the State of Israel was established which gave Jews all over the world the ability to live in a safe haven place without outside threat. The Jews achieved self-determination and have the ability to escape Anti Semitism, which was a major goal of the Zionist ideology. -
Consevative Movement is Established
In 1883, a modern stream of Ashkenazi Judaism that arose out of intellectual currents in Germany in the mid-19th century took institutional form in the United States in the early 1900s later known as the Conservative Movement. In 1955, Jews and non-Jews, gathered to celebrate a milestone in the history of American Judaism. At the banquet, non-kosher food was served which caused an uprising in the Jewish World.spread of Conservative Judiasum.
