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Jean-Jacques Rousseau
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Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi
Like Rousseau, Pestalozzi believed that learning should be natural to children as well, except he added another dimension that included principles for learning. He didn't want there to be an expectation of children being able to read on their own. Instead teachers were to lead students to read in conditions in which the reading process grows. In a Pestalozzi learning environment, chidden learn through their senses. -
Emile by Rousseau
Rousseau publishes his work titled Emile in which he states that a child's early education must be natural. He believed that in order to learn children must be free to be themselves. He also believed that children learn through curiosity. -
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Friedrich Wilhelm August Froebel
Froebel believed in the benefits of play and stressed it in a child's learning. He was the first person to use the term "kindergarten," and referred to children as seeds- they only grow if they are tended to and cared for by the teacher or the gardener. He also described a teacher as a designer who is to create a plan of playful activities that help to facilitate learning. His strategies are typically seen today in early childhood classrooms. -
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Reading Readiness
During this time, the term reading readiness was introduced as teachers began to nurture the maturation of their students thought skills to prepare them for reading. It was during this time that standardized tests were developed in sections to test these skills. -
B.F. Skinner
Skinner was a behaviorist who saw that learning required explicit instruction rather than it being automatic. He believed that learning should be organized instruction that presented a systematic and direct matter that also included positive reinforcements. Some of his methods include: Direct Instruction System for Teaching Arithmetic and Reading (DISTAR), Programmed Reading Series, and Success for All. -
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The Research Era
During this time, researchers began to study areas of oral language development, family literacy, and early reading and writing. It was discovered that these areas impacted teachers in understanding how their students learn and how to teach them reading and writing skills. -
John Dewey
Dewey led people to progressive education or child-centered learning. His curriculums were built around the interests of the children in the classroom that allowed them to be taught through play in real-life settings. He allowed for social interactions to encourage learning. He wanted learning to be maximized by integrating content areas- such as having centers or stations in the classroom. His goal was for students to be comfortable in an environment with a set routine. -
Maria Montessori
Montessori said that, "children needed early, orderly, systematic training in order to master skills." (Morrow). In a Montessori learning environment, children learn through their 5 senses in a more independent based matter. She wanted to promote learning through guidance and self-correction. Her theory was based on the behaviorist theory. -
Emergent Literacy
The term emergent literacy was first used by Marie Clay and includes models for children to create their own forms of reading, writing, and speaking. It is a child-centered approach where children are introduced to books early. Social interaction and problem-solving are also emphasized. This strategy assumes that all children have some knowledge about reading, writing and language before coming to school. -
Jean Piaget
Piaget introduced the stages of cognitive development:
1.) Sensorimotor period
2.) Preoperational period
3.) Concrete operational period
4.) Formal operational period
In Piaget's theory, children learn through assimilation and accommodation. Assimilation is when a child incorporates new information into what they already know. Accommodation is when a child has to change what they already know. -
Lev S. Vygotsky
Vygotsky believed in scaffolding and that learning only occurs when a child can acquire new concepts and relate it to what they already know. He also uses the term zone of proximal development- when a child can do some parts of a task but not all. It is also when the adult steps back and allows the child to practice on his or her own. -
National Reading Panel
This promoted the teaching of phonemic awareness and phonics in the classroom. It also increased the need for comprehension in the what is being read and the fluency that is being taught. -
No Child Left Behind
This act allowed for money to be sent from the Federal Government to low poverty schools to buy supplies and better books. These were the Reading First Grants. -
National Early Literacy Panel Report
This report created literacy standards for children in the classroom. These standards include knowing and naming letters and their sounds, writing their names and producing/comprehending spoken language. -
Common Core Standards
The work for common core initially started in 2007/2008, but many states began to incorporate it into their classrooms in 2011. It is not a curriculum or a standard and many states have written their own. It is a way to make sure that every child in the state is getting the same material to prepare them for the state standardized test. -
Read to Succeed
This was a legislation to help SC students graduate on time with the literacy skills needed to be successful in college and beyond. It provides a assessment and intervention system to help students in K-12 with the goal to make all students to be efficient in reading by the third grade.