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Plessy v. Ferguson
State governments were passing laws that conducted inequality between the colored and the white folks. This decision affected the black community as the state of Louisiana was given the right to require "separate but equal," transportation. In 1892, Homer Plessy was arrested for violating the state law by sitting in a white area, even though he was 7/8 white. Due to that, there was arguments about the occurrence being unconstitutional; however, the Supreme Court believed otherwise. -
Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka
A previous doctrine (from Plessy v. Fergun landmark) that favored the segregation of public schools was revoked in 1954. After the U.S. Supreme Court realized that action violating the Equal Protection Clause, it was abolished. Separating students by race was seen as an unequal and non-tolerate act. This was considered when The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People thought it to be harmful towards those of color and protested the Topeka and Kansas school systems. -
Elementary and Secondary Education Act
War on Poverty. This statute was made by the federal government to show quality and equality on educating children. Not only that, but mainly focusing on those students of low-income families. Support like funding's to schools and school districts were being made. -
Title IX
A landmark legislation got passed by congress as part of the Educational Amendment. This law passed to prohibit a person from facing any wrongful, educational discrimination because of their sexual status. For instance, they're not allowed to be denied benefits of participation in any education program, or denied from receiving Federal financial help because of their gender. Also, they must receive faculty attention if they're being harassed/bullied because of their classification. -
Education of all Handicapped Children Act
Children with disabilities either didn't attend public schools or were segregated from their classmates who were not disabled. Not until the year of 1975, this regulation changed and required all federal funded schools to provide these students with the same equal and appropriate education. In other words, free education. Not only that, but the parents had to receive procedural safeguards so they can be informed about the school choices. -
Plyler v. Doe
This was a law that was held in Texas, prohibiting local school districts from receiving state funds for those students who were illegal. Due to that, schools were allowed to deny enrollment; however, plaintiffs argued that it violated the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. Doing so, would prevent students from receiving a free education. However, by a 5-4 vote it was concluded that it was a violation and no evidence supported their claim to be true and pass the law. -
New Jersey v. T.L.O.
T.L.O was a student that was caught smoking at a New Jersey high school in 1985. She was brought to school administrator so she can be searched for any prove that the situation did occur, in which they found cigars and evidence that she wall selling marijuana. T.L.O then tried to say a violation of the Fourth Amendment was made. However, school officials will, on forward, be allowed to search only under reasonable suspicions. -
Bethel School District #43 v. Fraser
A landmark law that was made based upon free speech in public schools. In 1983, a student, Fraser, said a speech of a classmate that was perceived as a misconduct and a violation of the Disruptive Conduct Rule. Questions were asked upon the First Amendment protecting his rights to deliver an inappropriate speech at school; however, it was not. It was decided by the Supreme Court that sexual speeches are not protected behalf of Tinker and school is no place for explicit monologue. -
Lee v. Weisman
The U.S. Supreme court ruled against a school who had a member say a prayer at a ceremony. As of now K-12 schools are not allowed to sponsor or show any type of religion favoritism. In 1992, there was a a volunteer that was told his prayer at graduation had to be non-related to a specific religion. Although he didn't, since principal, Lee invited clergy to offer prayers at graduation he was convicted for violating the Establishment Clause as he endorsed it. -
No Child Left Behind Act
This act is the updated version of Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965. It was authorized for federal programs, such as: state academic standards and a state testing systems to be established in every state. The NCLB was signed by President George W. Bush to help those students who needed financial support. Schools would receive extra money so educational assistance will be provided to them and return progress will be shown in their basic academic areas. -
Grutter v. Bollinger
This case ruled out University of Michigan because their use of affirmative action was unconstitutional. Barbara Gutter sued the school for making race the only factor for admissions. She claimed it violated the fourteenth amendment as they denied whites. Therefore, with a 6-3 decision the Supreme Court agreed they violated the Equal Protection Clause. In order for a school to use affirmative action it must be constitutional by treating race as ONE factor of evaluation. -
The Every Student Succeeds Act
Signed by President Obama, this law ensures students and schools will be successful. ESSA support high schools and schools with undeserved students because they show low performances or have a high drop out rate. It will allow students to be more educational advanced as they will be taught in high standards and important information will be provided to all through the annual statewide assessments. Also, providing adequate resources for those students who differ.
