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Plessy v. Ferguson
Louisiana had enacted the separate car act wich separated blacks and whites into 2 railway cars, Homer Plessy participated in a test to challenge the act and sat in a whites only car he was then asked to move from the whites only car he refused and was arrested. He argued that his thirteenth and fourteenth amendment were violated. As a result, Jim Crow laws and separate public accommodations based on race became more common. -
Brown v. the Board of Education, Topeka
This was a case relating to the segregation of public schools, African Americans were being denied access to certain public schools. Many argued that segregation violated the equal protection clause in the fourteenth amendment.The supreme cavort stated that separate but equal facilities were unequal and violated the equal protection clause of the fourteenth amendment. -
Engel v. Vitale
New York Staes board authorized that prayer could be said at the beginning of each school day. students didn't have to participate in the prayer bur if they didn't they risked being excluded by their peers. Steven Engel and a group of Parents argued that the school prayer violated the establishment clause of the first amendment. The ruling in Engel didn't allow school leaders or state officials to lead students in prayer, students weren't forbidden to pray they could pray on their own time. -
Title IX
This was made to prohibit discrimination based on sex in education and activities that receive federal funding. Title IX states "No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving federal financial assistance. -
Lau v. Nichols
The San Francisco school system had over 2,856 students of Chinese ancestry and weren't proficient in English, all classes were taught in English. The school only provided 1,000 of those students with supplemental English courses. Law an other students filed a law suit claiming the failure to provide supplemental English courses. The court determined that the school violated the fourteenth amendment and the civil rights act it was depriving students of an opportunity in public education. -
Education of all Handicapped Children Act
It was enacted on November 29, 1975 by the U.S. Congress in which required all public school to accept Federal funds to be able to provide equal education for children with disabilities. In the 1970s many students with disabilities struggled in classrooms and weren't provided with the help they needed in order to learn. Before the Act schools were being provided with federal funding for students with disabilities but weren't instructed with what to do. -
Plyler v. Doe
In 1975 Texas legislature revised its education laws to deny enrollment and withhold state funds for education of children who were not legally admitted to the county. Denying undocumented children the right to attend public school was violating the fourteenth amendment. Finally the court reasoned that the illegal children are still people are protected by the fourteenth amendment and couldn't be punished by a law their parents had broken. -
Force v. Pierce City R-VI School District
Nichole Force wanted to join football and was told by the coach to approval from the school administration they denied her the approval because they didn't want other girls to also want to join men sports and males would want to play female dominated sports. she was allowed to play due to the title IX. -
New Jersey v. T.L.O.
School officials searched T.L.O.'s purse suspecting she had cigarettes and found more than that and was charged with possession of marijuana and got 1 year of probation. The Supreme Court reversed, holding that the fourth amendment was violated by opening T.L.O.'s purse. However the court said that the search of the T.L.O's purse was reasonable. -
Bethel School District v. Fraser
Matthew Fraser a student in Bethel High School was running for office and gave a speech during an assembly that contained obscene language and references. Fraser was warned before giving that speech he then was suspended for 3 days. Frasers father then filed a suit, claiming that his sons rights from the first amendment were taken away.The state wanted to protect children from vulgar language and turning to the fourteenth amendment the court decide that Frasers rights weren't violated. -
Franklin v. Gwinnett County Public Schools
Student Christine Franklin was sexually harassed throughout her 10th grade year by her teacher Andrew Hill. She reported the harassment to other teachers and school district administration but they did nothing and encouraged her to not press charges . In 1988 Hill resigned and not only were pending matters dropped but also the investigation. Franklin took this action against the school district under Title IX of the civil rights in 1964 for failing to take action against Hill. -
Board of Education of Independent School District No. 92 of Pottawatomie County v. Earls
A school district in Oklahoma adopted a policy that required all middle school and high school students to take drug test in order to participate in extracurricular activities. Parents of Lindsay Earls and Daniel James filed a law suit against the school board stating that this was violating the fourth amendments. At first the federal district court upheld the policy, it was later reversed in favor of the parents. The court stated that there must be evidence of drug use to allow drug testing.
