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Plessy V. Ferguson
An 1892 incident in which an African-American train passenger Homer Plessy refused to sit in a Jim Crow car, which he was breaking a Louisiana Law. The case came from Louisiana, which in 1890 adopted a law providing for "equal but seperate accommodations for the white and colored races" on its railroads. Plessy's arguement that his constitutional rights were violated, but unfortunately the Court ruled that it did not conflict with the 13th and 14th Amendments. -
Brown V. The Board of Education of Topeka
Due to the Courts view in Plessy v. Ferguson that supported the "separate but equal" beliefs, the Court declared that "separate but equal has no place in plublic education" and that "separating facilities are inherently unequal." Therefore, the Court declared a state laws establishing separate public schools for black and white students to be unconstitutional. -
Title IV
The Higher Education Act was a legislation signed into the United States in 1965, as a part of President Lyndon Johnson's. The law was intended "to strengthen the educational resources of our colleges and universities and to provide financial assistance for students in postsecondary and higher education." That law increased federal money given to universitites, which created scholarships and gave low-interest loans for students. -
Lau V. Nichols
In California, the school systems was integrated as a result of a federal court decree. There were approximately 2800 Chinese students in the school system that did not speak English. Only a few students would recieve the education that they deserved, but the rest which was a lot of them did not recieve additional help when they were having trouble. Later the Supreme Court decided that every child needs the same education, and should not be denied any apportunities to obtain an education. -
The Education of All Handicapped Children Act
This act require that all public schools accepting federal funds to provide equal access to education and one free meal a day for children with a physical and mental disability. The law was passed to meet four major goals, to ensure that special education services were availble to those who need them, to be fair and appropriate, appropriate management, and to provide federal funds to help the states educate disabled students. -
Castañeda V. Pickard
Raymondville Independent School District in Texas was failing to address the needs of ELL students as a mandated by the EEAO. The federal court found out that the district fell far short of meeting the requirements of the EEAO. One of the majors outcome of this case was the three pronged test to determine if the schools are taking "appropriate" action to address the needs of ELL's as required by the EEAO. -
Plyer V. Doe
Schools in the United States were denying illegal immigrants enrollment at schools. The Supreme Court said that the 14th Amendment cannot deny students in free public education, therefore k-12 can go to school and enroll in public schools. -
Gomez V. Illinois State Board of Education
The U.S. Court of Appleals for the 7th Circuit relied heavily on the Castaneda in its decision and gave state boards of education the power to enforce compliance with the EEAO. The court declared a ruling much like Lau, that school districts must have a resposibility to serve ELL students and cannot allow children to just sit in classrooms where they cannot understand the instruction. -
Franklin V. Gwinnett County Public Schools
The U.S Supreme Court ruled that students who are subjected to sexual harassment in public schools may sue for monetary damages under Title IX. Christine Franklin was the first case wherein the Supreme Court held that monetary damages could be awarded in Title IX cases. Franklin was a student in Georgia's Gwinnett school when her sports coach would sexual harrass her. Therefore, any schools suported by federal funds can be sued for sex discrimination and sexual harrasment. -
Title VII
It was introduced as a program for billigual education by Texas Democrat Ralph Yarborough. Title VII implemented plans to help, Indian, Native Hawaiin, Alaskan natives be provided with apportunities for achieving academic equality. This act was suppose to help those get more fluent in English by getting the help they needed in the classrooms. Later throughout the years, title VII was replaced with No Child Left Behind Act of 2001.
