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Period: 4000 BCE to 3000 BCE
Early Beginings
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3900 BCE
Disease caused by
Evil spirits -
3600 BCE
Treatments for sick
Were ceremonies performed by tribal doctor to exorcise evil spirits that they believed were the cause for sickness. One ceremony was trephining where the tribal doctor would remove parts of the cranium, as well as herbs and plants used as medicines. -
3100 BCE
Medicines used today
- Digitalis comes from foxglove plant, and is given in pill form today *Quinine comes from the bark of the cinchona tree, it controls fever, relieves muscle spasms, and helps to prevent malaria.
- Belladonna and atropine are made from the poisonous nightshade plant, and relieve muscle spasm.
- morphine is made from the opium poppy, it is effective for treating severe pain and is only used when nothing else can help sue to the fact it is addicting.
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Period: 2999 BCE to 399
Ancient Times
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2900 BCE
Ancient Egyptians
Egyptians were the earliest people to keep accurate health records. The priests acted as the physicians. They used medicines to heal, the art of splinting fractures, and the use of leeches for bloodletting. -
1900 BCE
Ancient Chinese
They first began to use stone tools to treat diseas and illness, which developed to the practice of Chinese acupuncture, which is used today. -
900 BCE
Ancient Greeks
They were the first to study the causes of disease to further determine that illnesses can have natural cause rather than just spiritual causes. Dissection was not allowed in the ancient times by religious custom. Hippocrates studied the biology of the human body, and the symptoms of diseases. Hippocrates wrote the standard of ethics called the Oath of Hippocrates. -
100
Ancient Romans
They created a sanitation system where they would bring clean water in through waterways, as well as them creating sewers to carry out the waste. They were the first to organize medical care. Romans physicians kept a room in thier home for the ill, leading to the beginnings of hospitals. Public buildings to care for the sick were created. -
Period: 400 to 800
Dark Age
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500
Why did they stop the study of medicine?
Because the Roman Empire was conquered by the Huns. -
700
How do they treat disease?
The main treatment for disease was prayer, as well as herbal mixtures. -
Period: 800 to 1400
Middle Age
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1100
Epidemics
Bad epidemics caused the deaths of millions. -
Period: 1350 to
Renaissance
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1450
Rebirth?
The renaissance period saw the rebirth of learning. Building of universities and medical schools, the acceptance for dissection, and the development of the printing press. -
Period: 1501 to
16th and 17th Centuries
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1515
Leonardo da Vinci
Studied and recorded the anatomy of the body. -
1550
Gabriel Fallopius
Discovered the fallopian tubes of the anatomy of the female. -
1563
Bartolommeo Eustachio
Discovered the tube leading to the ear from throat. -
William Harvey
Described the circulation of blood and pumping of the heart. -
Antonie von Leeuwenhoek
Invented the microscope, found the bacteria that causes tooth decay. -
Apothecaries
These, as well as early pharmacies, started in this time period. Apothecaries also took part in the trade of drugs and spices. -
Period: to
18th Century
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Benjamin Franklin
He discovered bifocals, and he discovered that colds can be passed from person to person. -
Medical students learning
A new way of teaching medicine was introduced. Students would learn from lectures, in the laboratory, and newly introduced, they observed patients at the bedside. This led to a better understanding of the causes of illness and death. -
Joseph Priestley
Discovered oxygen, and also observers the circulation of air in plants, leading to respiration. -
Edward Jenner
Discovered vaccination for smallpox. Many people died from smallpox, his discovery saved millions. His discovery led to preventive medicine. -
Rene Laennec
Invented the stethoscope. -
Period: to
19th and 20th Centuries
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Ignaz Semmelweis
He found the cause of childbed fever. -
Florence Nightingale
During the Crimean War, she cared for soldiers who were dying from cholera, -
Louis Pasteur
Discovered tiny microorganisms were everywhere, he also proved that microorganisms can cause disease, and that heating milk prevented the growth of bacteria. -
Dimitri Ivanovski
Discovered some diseases are caused by microorganisms that cannot be seen with a microscope. -
Joseph Lister
He was the first doctor to use antiseptic during surgery. -
Ernst von Bergmann
Developed asepsis, developed a method to keep the area germ free when surgery was taking place. -
Robert Koch
Discovered lots of disease-causing organisms, developed the culture plate method. -
Paul Ehrlich
Discovered the effect of medicine on microorganisms that cause disease. -
Wilhelm Roentgen
Discovered X-rays. -
Anesthesia
Early physicians used herbs, hashish, and alcohol tp help relieve pain in surgery. Later, nitrous oxide and chloroform were used. -
Sir Alexander Fleming
Found that penicillin killed life-threatening bacteria. -
Sigmund Freud
Discovered the conscious and unconscious parts of the mind. Led to the understanding of psychosomatic illness. -
Gerard Domagk
Discovered sulfonamide compounds. -
Jonas Salk
Discovered that a dead polio virus would cause immunity to poliomyelitis. -
Albert Sabin
Used a live polio virus vaccine to immunize. -
Francis Crick and James Watson
Discovered the molecular structure of DNA. They model how DNA replicates and how hereditary information is coded within it. -
Christian Barnard
Performed the first successful heart transplant. -
Ben Carson
A pioneer in separating Siamese twins and performing hemispherectomies. -
Period: to
21st Century
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Medicine
We now have antibiotics for bacterial diseases, childhood immunizations, and many other medicines that have evolved and been discovered over time. -
Facilities
Current day we have new types of facilities like assisted living centers to meet the needs of senior citizens. -
Vaccines
New vaccines for diseases and illnesses are still being researched and developed by scientists and doctors. -
Mental health
Now, in current day doctors and phycologists have a better understanding of the mind and mental illnesses. -
Technology
New technology in current days improves the quality of healthcare like, people with disabilities being able to talk through technology, and the ability to use technology as a monitoring mechanism for patients.