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Industrialization
Rural Societies in America became industrial and urban. Prior to the Industrial Revolution,manufacturing was often done in people’s homes, using hand tools or basic machines. Industrialization marked a shift to powered, special-purpose machinery, factories and mass production. The iron and textile industries, along with the development of the steam engine, played central roles in the Industrial Revolution, which also saw improved systems of transportation, communication and banking. -
Indian Removal Act
the first major law passed by Andrew Jackson on May 28th, 1830. It moved Indians west of the Mississippi River. This movement of Indians caused the Trail of Tears, and about 1 in 4 Native Americans died on the trip. -
Nativism
Policy or belief that protects or favors the interest of the native population of a country over the interests of immigrants. In the United States, greatest nativist sentiment coincided with the great waves of 19th-century European immigration on the East Coast and, to a lesser extent, with the arrival of Chinese immigrants on the West Coast. -
Manifest Destiny
The term used by many expansionists that referred to the belief that God wanted the U.S. to own all of North America. Expansion would soon come at the expense of Indians and Mexicans. And southern expansionists hoped to add more slave states to strengthen their political position in Congress. -
Civil Service Reform
Civil service reform in the United States was a major national issue in the late 1800s and a major state issue in the early 1900s. President Rutherford B. Hayes took office determined to reform the system of civil service appointments, which had been based on the spoils system since Andrew Jackson was president. Instead of giving federal jobs to political supporters, Hayes wished to award them by merit according to an examination that all applicants would take. -
Third Parties Politics
Third party is a term used in the United States for American political parties other than the Republican and Democratic parties -
Urbanization
The process by which towns and cities are formed and become larger as more and more people begin living and working in central areas -
Homestead Act
The Homestead Act encouraged Western migration by providing settlers 160 acres of public land. In exchange, homesteaders paid a small filing fee and were required to complete five years of continuous residence before receiving ownership of the land. After six months of residency, homesteaders also had the option of purchasing the land from the government for $1.25 per acre. The Homestead Act led to the distribution of 80 million acres of public land by 1900. -
Immigrants & The American Dream
Prior to the 1870’s America favored immigration. Immigrants were welcomed with open arms to pursue the American Dream. There were few restrictions and immigrants easily fit in and contributed to their new communities.Groups were formed that opposed immigration. They saw immigrants as a threat to their own interests and belief systems. -
Muckraker
To search out and publicly expose real or apparent misconduct of a prominent individual or business -
Political Machine
Political machine, in U.S. politics, a party organization, headed by a single boss or small autocratic group, that commands enough votes to maintain political and administrative control of a city, county, or state. -
Andrew Carnegie
Leader of the American steel industry from 1873 to 1901, he disposed of his great fortune by endowing educational, cultural, scientific, and technological institutions. -
Civil Service Reform
Civil service reform in the United States was a major national issue in the late 1800s and a major state issue in the early 1900s. President Rutherford B. Hayes took office determined to reform the system of civil service appointments, which had been based on the spoils system since Andrew Jackson was president. Instead of giving federal jobs to political supporters, Hayes wished to award them by merit according to an examination that all applicants would take. -
Haymarket Riot
At least eight people died as a result of the violence that day. Despite a lack of evidence against them, eight radical labor activists were convicted in connection with the bombing. The Haymarket Riot was viewed a setback for the organized labor movement in America, which was fighting for such rights as the eight-hour workday. At the same time, the men convicted in connection with the riot were viewed by many in the labor movement as martyrs. -
Dawes Act
Congress passed the Dawes Act, the law allowed for the President to break up reservation land, which was held in common by the members of a tribe, into small allotments to be parceled out to individuals. Thus, Native Americans registering on a tribal "roll" were granted allotments of reservation land. -
Jane Addams
Jane Addams was a pioneer American settlement activist/reformer, social worker, public philosopher, sociologist, author, and leader in women's suffrage and world peace. -
Iba B. Wells
African-American journalist, newspaper editor, suffragist, sociologist, feminist, Geologist, and an early leader in the Civil Rights Movement. -
Clarence Darrow
Darrow began to work for the Chicago & North Western Railway as its general attorney. However, he felt sympathy for the trade unions during the Pullman Strike and decided to resign his corporate position to defend Eugene V. Debs, the president of the American Railway Union. -
Susan B. Anthony
Susan B. Anthony was a pioneer crusader for the woman suffrage movement and eventually became the president of the National American Woman Suffrage Association in 1892. She helped create a path way to make the 19th amendment where woman can vote. -
Eugene V. Debs
Debs organized the American Railway Union, which waged a strike against the Pullman Company of Chicago in 1894. After embracing socialism, he became the party’s standard-bearer in five presidential elections. -
Klondike Gold Rush
Gold was discovered in many rich deposits along the Klondike River in 1896, but due to the remoteness of the region and the harsh winter climate the news of gold couldn’t travel fast enough to reach the outside world before the following year. Reports of the gold in newspapers created a hysteria that was nation-wide and many people quit their jobs and then left for the Klondike to become gold-diggers. -
Initiatives and Referendum
Processes that allow citizens of many states to vote directly on particular pieces of legislation. An initiative process allows citizens to propose or initiate a statute or constitutional amendment. Citizens initiating such legislation are known as the measure's proponents.
The referendum process allows citizens to refer a statute passed by the legislature to the ballot so that voters can enact or repeal the measure. Once enough signatures are gathered on petitions -
Upton Sinclair
Upton Sinclair was one of the most important muckrakers writers who search out and reveal improper conduct in politics and business of the 1900s. -
William Jennings Bryan
During the Spanish-American War, Bryan served as a colonel in a Nebraska regiment, but after the war, he condemned McKinley’s Philippine policy as imperialism -
The Gilded Age
Period was glittering on the surface but corrupt underneath. In the popular view, the late 19th century was a period of greed and guile: of rapacious Robber Barons, unscrupulous speculators, and corporate buccaneers, of shady business practices, scandal-plagued politics, and vulgar display -
Theodore Roosevelt
Fought in the Spanish-American war, Later became the 26th President of the United States. Seated aside 200 million acres of land for national forest, reserves and wildlife refugees during his presidency. -
Pure food and Drug act
The purpose was to protect the public against adulteration of food and from products identified as healthful without scientific support. The original Pure Food and Drug Act was amended in 1912, 1913, and 1923. A greater extension of its scope took place in 1933. -
Dollar Diplomacy
“Dollar diplomacy” was evident in extensive U.S. interventions in the Caribbean and Central America, especially in measures undertaken to safeguard American financial interests in the region. -
16th amendment
The Congress shall have power to lay and collect taxes on incomes, from whatever source derived, without apportionment among the several states, and without regard to any census or enumeration. -
Federal Reserve Act
The Federal Reserve Act, signed into law by President Woodrow Wilson, gave the 12 Federal Reserve banks the ability to print money in order to ensure economic stability. More specifically, the Federal Reserve System created the dual mandate to maximize employment and keep inflation low. -
17th Amendment
The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Senators from each State, elected by the people thereof, for six years; and each Senator shall have one vote. The electors in each State shall have the qualifications requisite for electors of the most numerous branch of the State legislatures. -
Populism & Progressivism
The Populists attempt to deal with this issue by seeking government ownership of the means of transportation and communication, to have more of a direct government role in those areas of the economy which effect the widest possible public. The Progressive Movement is not interested in government ownership. It’s interested in government regulation. And it is interested in investing power in the state, whether at the state or national levels. -
The Gilded Age
Period was glittering on the surface but corrupt underneath. In the popular view, the late 19th century was a period of greed and guile: of rapacious Robber Barons, unscrupulous speculators, and corporate buccaneers, of shady business practices, scandal-plagued politics, and vulgar display. -
18th amendment
The movement reached its apex in 1920 when Congress ratified the 18th Amendment, prohibiting the manufacture, transportation and sale of intoxicating liquors. In 1933, widespread public disillusionment led Congress to ratify the 21st Amendment, which repealed Prohibition. -
Womans Suffrage
The campaign for women’s suffrage began in earnest in the decades before the Civil War. During the 1820s and 30s, most states had extended the franchise to all white men, regardless of how much money or property they had. At the same time, all sorts of reform groups were proliferating across the United States–temperance clubs, religious movements and moral-reform societies, anti-slavery organizations–and in many of these, women played a prominent role. -
19th Amendment
The 19th amendment guarantees all American women the right to vote. Achieving this milestone required a lengthy and difficult struggle; victory took decades of agitation and protest. Beginning in the mid-19th century, several generations of woman suffrage supporters lectured, wrote, marched, lobbied, and practiced civil disobedience to achieve what many Americans considered a radical change of the Constitution. Few early supporters lived to see final victory in 1920. -
Tea Pot Dome Scandal
scandal of the early 1920s surrounding the secret leasing of federal oil reserves by the secretary of the interior, Albert Bacon Fall. After Pres. Warren G. Harding transferred supervision of the naval oil-reserve lands from the navy to the Department of the Interior in 1921, Fall secretly granted to Harry F. Sinclair of the Mammoth Oil Company exclusive rights to the Teapot Dome reserve.
