-
Period: to
Beginning and the End
Sir Karl Raimund Popper, born in 28 July 1902 and died in 17 September 1994 was an Austrian-British philosopher, academic and social commentator. Popper is known for his rejection of the classical intuitivist views on the scientific method in favor of empirical falsification. -
Solar Eclipse
An expeditions, arranged by Frank Dyson of the Royal Greenwich Observatory and Arthur Eddington of Cambridge University, was to test Albert Einstein’s theory of general relativity. This was one of the theories that helped Popper define science. Reference: https://www.britannica.com/story/the-solar-eclipse-that-made-albert-einstein-a-science-celebrity
Art by: Ron Ashtiani -
Conjectures
Some time in the autumn of 1919 Popper began to grapple with a specific problem. Popper began to ask, "what is science?" Now he was not concerned with if it was true nor with how acceptable it was. He was interested with meaningful science or true science compared to what he later call, "Pseudo-Science." Reference: Science - Conjectures and Refutations (Karl Popper 1957)
Art by: Sylvain Sarrailh -
Freudian Psychology
Around this time Freud published a theory on the human psyche that divided it into three parts, the ego, the id and the superego. I was not just this theory but Freudian Psychology that helped Popper define pseudo-science. Reference: https://www.discovermagazine.com/the-sciences/top-five-psychology-theories-from-sigmund-freud
Art by: John Stone -
Refutation
Popper wrote Science: Conjectures and Refutations that basically defined the differences between Science and Pseudo-Science. This was huge for the scientific community because it showed the path to productive science. Reference: Theory and Reality - An Introduction to Philosophy of Science Chapters 3
Art by: Rutger van de Steeg