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Mendez v. Westminister and the California Board of Education
U.S. District Court in Los Angeles, California ruled - unconstitutional to educate children of Mexican descent in separate facilities.
Prohibited segregation in California schools.
Ruled "segregation prevalent in the defendant school districts foster antagonisms in the children and suggest inferiority among them where none exists"
A precedent for the case of Brown vs. Board of Education of Topeka.
References:
http://sylviamendezinthemendezvswestminster.com/aboutus.html -
Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka
Supreme Court case in which the justices ruled unanimously that racial segregation of children in public schools was unconstitutional (Editors, 2009). The case was one of the cornerstones of the civil rights movement, and helped establish the precedent that “separate-but-equal” education and other services were not, in fact, equal at all (Editors, 2009).
Reference:
Editors, H. (2009, October 27). Brown v. Board of Education. -
Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA)
Act provided federal funds to help low-income students.
Resulted in the creation of educational programs: Title 1 & bilingual education.
Purpose to provide additional resources for vulnerable students.
Offered new grants to districts serving low-income students
Federal grants for textbooks & library books
Created special education centers
Created scholarships for low-income college students.
References:
What is ESEA? (2015, April 08). Retrieved from https://blog.ed.gov/2015/04/what-is-esea/ -
Lau v. Nichols
According to Lau v. Nichols, U.S. Supreme Court ruled that the San Francisco School District was failing to provide English Language instruction to Chinese-American students who have limited English proficiency. A violation of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. The ruling required school districts to provide equal opportunities for all students, including students who do not speak English (2017).
References:
Lau v. Nichols. (2017, March 12). Retrieved from http://usedulaw.com/362-lau-v-nichols.html -
NCATE
May of 1977: National Council for Accreditation of Teacher Education (NCATE) Standards for the Accreditation of Teacher Education were revised to include references to multicultural education.
Required all member institutions to implement components, courses, and programs in multicultural education.
Institutions made up 80% of teacher edcuation programs in the U.S.
References:
Gollnick, & M., D. (1978, January 31). Multicultural Education in Teacher Education: The State of the Scene.
