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The Sorrows of the Young Werther by Goethe
The novel is the story of a young man Werther who demonstrates the fatal effects of an unrequited love with Charlotte, and commits suicide because the love is not reciprocated. -
Reflections on the Revolutions in France
Written by Edmund Burke to address the issues with the French Revolution and reflect his ideas of conservatism. -
Essay on the Principles of Population by Malthus
argued that population would always increase more than food supplies, resulting in poverty and death by disease, epidemics, war, plague, and famine -
Robert Owen opened New Lanark
Owen bought large cotton mills in New Lanark to set out to make it a model community; he raised wages, shortened work hours, improved work conditions, abolished child labor, provided educational and recreational facilities for employees, and established sickness and old-age insurance. -
Britain's Act of Union
Act that brought Ireland into the United Kingdom through the efforts of the Parliaments of Ireland and Great Britain. -
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Alexander I reigned in Russia
helped form the coalition that defeated Napoleon, took part in the Congress of Vienna, drove for the establishment of the Holy Alliance, and took part in the conferences that followed. -
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Louis XVIII reigned in France
Brother of Louis XVI, ruled France with an odd mixture of conservatism and moderation, retained Napoleon's administrative and legal system as well as civil and religious liberties, and placed lawmaking in the hands of a two-chamber legislature. -
Bourbon Restoration
Period of French history following the first fall of Napoleon in 1814 and his final defeat in the Hundred Days in 1815, where the brothers of Louis XVI came to power and reigned conservatively. -
Congress of Vienna
Austria, Great Britain, Prussia, and Russia joined together to restore the legitimate monarchs and maintain balance after the French Revolution -
Concert of Europe created
alliance of Austria, Russia, Prussia, and Great Britain to periodically meet to discuss war and revolution, acted as a collective security. -
Britain's Corn Laws
tariffs and other trade restrictions on imported food and grain enforced in the United Kingdom, which were designed to keep grain prices high to favor domestic producers. -
'Iron Law of Wages' by David Ricardo
David Ricardo's proposed law of economics that states that wages always tend towards the workers' natural subsistence level in the long run. -
Frankenstein by Mary Shelley
tells the story of Victor Frankenstein, a young scientist who creates a hideous sapient creature in an unorthodox scientific experiment. -
Congress of Aix-La-Chapelle
diplomatic meeting between France, Great Britain, Prussia, Russia, and Austria to discuss and take common action on European problems following the Napoleonic wars. -
Peterloo Massacre
Climax of the Luddite riots when troops charged on a crowd that had assembled in St. Peter's Field to listen to reform speeches, where several were killed and hundreds left injured. -
Carlsbad Decrees
Metternich called up the princes of the leading German states to Carlsbad and had them draw u pa set of harsh decrees which established strict censorship and supervision over classrooms and libraries. -
Prometheus Unbound by Percy Bysshe Shelly
Drama about the torments of the Greek mythological figure Prometheus, who defies the gods and gives fire to humanity, for which he is subjected to eternal punishment and suffering at the hands of Zeus. -
Congress of Troppau
A congress of the Quintuple Alliance to discuss the means of suppressing the revolution in Naples at which the Troppau Protocol was signed. -
Congress of Laibach
a conference of the Holy Alliance in Laibach that set the conditions for Austrian intervention in and occupation of the Two Sicilies in action against the Neapolitan revolution. -
Greek independence
with the Greeks under rule of the Ottoman Empire, they began rebellions and gained popularity throughout Europe, from which the Greeks became their own nation apart from the Ottomans because of help and interference from France and Great Britain. -
Congress of Verona
The last meeting held by the European powers in accordance with the terms of the Quadruple Alliance and was held to consider the revolutionary situation in Spain. -
Monroe Doctrine
US policy towards the Western Hemisphere that warns European nations that the United States would not tolerate further colonization or puppet monarchs. -
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Charles X reigned in France
Charles X followed more conservative policies that favored the old aristocracy and the Catholic Church and made several controversial reforms, which led to the French opposing his rule. -
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Nicholas I reigned in Russia
An austere autocrat whose military career wedded him to the concepts of discipline and authority and turned against any hints of liberalism and followed a policy of demanding submission of everyone to the autocracy and to the Orthodox Church; he was the cause of the Decembrist revolts. -
Decembrist Revolt
Russian army officers led nearly 3,000 soldiers in a protest against Nicholas I's assumption of the throne. -
First Belgian Revolution
The Belgians desired national liberation from the Dutch and were already high strung due to high food prices, so they began to revolt and, with the intervention from Austria and Russia, they gained the independence. -
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Louis-Philippe reigned in France
Louis-Phillipe assumed the role of "citizen king" now that France was in a more liberal era, reduced property qualifications for voting therefore doubling the electorate. -
July Revolution
The overthrow of Charles X of France in favor of Louis-Philippe, the citizen king. -
Second French Revolution
Revolution that led to the overthrow of Charles X and led him to flee to Great Britain; revolts lead by angered workers and liberals who took to the streets and set up barriers against the king's troops. -
Young Italy created
Movement founded by Giuseppe Mazzini to work for a united, republican Italian nation. -
Britain's Reform Bill of 1832
English electoral reform extending the right to vote to the middle classes of the new industrial cities. -
The Zollverein created
A coalition of German states formed to manage tariffs and economic policies within their territories. -
Young Germany created
A social reform and literary literary movement led by a group of German writers influenced by French revolutionary ideas, which was opposed to the extreme forms of romanticism and nationalism. -
The People's Charter
called for six reforms to make the political system more democratic, a vote for every man 21 years of age, of sound mind, and not undergoing punishment for a crime. -
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Frederick William IV reigned in Prussia
Extremely conservative ruler of Prussia who sparked the revolution in 1848, denied the German crown stating that it was "the crown of the gutter." -
Flora Tristan published Worker's Union
The Worker's Union outlines the methods for organizing a union of French workers to put aside occupational and social rivalries in order to unite nationwide. -
Irish Potato Famine
Widespread crop failure throughout Ireland due to blight, a disease that destroys the plant and root, and caused about 20% of the Irish population to decrease due to death and emigration. -
Second Belgian Revolution
Belgium entered a political and economic crisis with growing population and high unemployment rates, leading to an angry and starving population. -
Revolution in Italy
Organized revolts in the states of the Italian peninsula and Sicily, led by intellectuals and agitators who desired a liberal government. -
The Communist Manifesto
Ideas of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, which formed the basis for modern communism and argued that capitalism would inevitably self-destruct, to be replaced by socialism and ultimately communism. -
Third French Revolution
Revolutions led by the French working class in an attempt to overthrow Louis-Philippe and led to the Second French Republic. -
Frankfurt Assembly
convention of liberals and nationalists from several German states that met to try to form a unified government for Germany. -
June Days
revolt of French workers against the monarchy; divisions rose between the middle class and workers and they reached a boiling point when the Constitutional Assembly abolished the national workshops. -
Louis-Napoleon comes to power in France
Nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte who promised something for everyone and projected an image of order and authority; held office for 3 years and then destroyed the republic by taking power for himself in a coup d'état. -
On Liberty by Mill
philosophical essay that applies Mill's ethical system of utilitarianism to society and state and suggests standards for the relationship between authority and liberty. -
Das Kapital
Book written by Karl Marx in which he expressed his theory of the capitalist system, its dynamism, and it's tendencies towards self-destruction.
