Islam Timeline By kristinrmills 632 Muhammad dies 661 Ali is murdered; Mu'awiya becomes caliph. Beginning of Umayyad Caliphate. 711 Muslims cross the Saint of Gibraltar into Spain and push north into France 732 Defeated at the battle of Tours. Advances into Western Europe halted. Muslims rule parts of Spain for centuries. 750 Abu al-Abbas establishes the Abbassid dynasty. Over the next several centuries Muslim merchant ships travel around the Abbassid empire and beyond. 850 Abbassid control over Arab empire fragmented. In Spain, Egypt, and elsewhere, independent dynasties ruled separate Muslim states. 900 The Seljuk Turks migrate into the Middle East from Central Asia. Adopted Islam and built a large empire across the Fertile Crescent. 1055 a Seljuk sultan controlled Baghdad, but left the Abbassid caliph as a figurehead. 1095 Reports of Seljuk interference with Christian pilgrims traveling to Jerusalem led Pope Urban II to call for the first crusade. 1099 European Crusaders take Jerusalem from the Muslims. Eventually Muslims defeat the Crusaders and regain control of the holy land. 1120 Islam continues to spread throughout Asia. Malaysian traders interact with Muslims who teach them about Islam. 1258 Mongols capture Baghdad; city is sacked and caliph is killed. End of Abbasid caliphate. 1300 Ottomans capture Bursa and Iznik and move into Europe. 1453 Ottomans conquer the Byzantine seat of Constantinople and change its name to Istanbul. 1492 Castile and Aragon capture Granada. All Muslims (and Jews) expelled from Spain. 1520 Suleiman becomes ruler of the Ottoman empire. During his reign, the empire grows and enjoys a golden age.