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polygraph ( a lie detector machine )
The polygraph is a scientific instrument capable of simultaneously recording changes in several physiological variables. -
Ancient China
In an ancient China, dry rice was used as a lie detector tool. it was believed that one's saliva dry up during the episodes of emotional anxiety. in order to figure out whether the person is lying, an examiner would instruct the suspect to take and fill their mouth with dry rice.problem with these methods were that these were not based on science, and would not given the most accurate results. -
CESARE LOMBROSO
Italian physician, psychiatrist and pioneer criminologist cesare lombroso used an instrument called the hydrosphygmograph to measure physiological changes in a suspect's body during interrogation. -
VITTORIO BENUSSI
Italian psychologist vittorio benussi used a device known as pneumograph, to study the breathing patterns of an individual.
he concluded that lying caused an emotional change within a subject that resulted in detectible respiratory changes that were indicative of deception. -
DR. WILLIAM MARSTON
An American attorney and psychologist, invented an early lie detector.
he developed a discontinuous systolic blood pressure, which used a standard blood pressure cuff and stethoscope to take systolic blood pressure reading of a suspect during questioning. -
JOHN A. LARSON
A Canadian psychologist employed by the Berkeley police department, in California developed the original modern polygraph instrument -
LEONARDE KEELER
in 1925, LEONARDE KEELER working with JOHN A. LARSON, worked to create a less manageable polygraph instrument that used inked pens to record the relative changes in a subject's blood pressure, pulse rate and respiratory patterns. -
JOHN E. REID( LAWYER)
he developed the reid control questioning technique (CQT) . it's polygraph technique that involves control questioning meant to be emotionally arousing. The technique resulted in a major breakthrough. Reid was also the first examiner to use motion as an indicator during on interrogation. -
WORLD'S FIRST POLYGRAPH SCHOOL
In 1948, Leonarde keeler founded the world's first polygraph school. THE KEELER POLYGRAPH INSTITUE in Chicago, Illinios. -
CLEVE BACKSTER
An ex polygraph examiner with the CIA, created qualification system of chart analysis, that made the polygraph more reliable and objective. This lead to current procedure we use today. -
PLETHYSMOGRAPH
In 1978, science first came to the aid of the truth seeker through the research of italian physiologist Angelo Mosso.
* he used an instrument called a plethysmograph to study human emotions and fears, during questioning.
* he studied blood circulation and breathing patterns during certain times and form different forms of stimuli -
DR. JOHN C. KIRCHER AND DAVID C.RAKSIN CONTRIBUTION
Research was conducted on computerized polygraph at the university of utah by DR. JOHN C. KIRCHER and DAVID C.RAKSIN.
They developed the polygraph system (CAPS)
which would be used for evaluating physiological data. -
OFFICIAL ENTRANCE
In 1992, Polygraph made it's official entrance into the computer age. -
NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCE
US department of energy commissioned study the scientific evidence on the polygraph, they did not perform any new testing but instead looked through past evidence
national academy concluded that, although there maybe alternative techniques, none can outform the polygraph. -
POLYGRAPH IN MODERN WORLD
Forensic scientist have become more lenient in utilizing evidence rather than polygraphs due to reliability. There have been theories that the technique is flawed and has been so for the past 80 years.
polygraph now a days is an important scientific invention which is being used for security purpose, identifying criminals and detecting actual lies.
